Skip to main content

vol8no1dec2023

A BLINDING NEEDLE

  • Authors: Boon Juan Y. & Mohd Aziz H.
  • Abstract: Acupuncture, a practice rooted in traditional complementary medicine (TCM), involves the insertion of thin needles into the skin. It has been proposed as an adjunct treatment for optic nerve and retinal diseases. However, there have been documented cases of ocular infections, including cellulitis and endophthalmitis, associated with acupuncture.  In this report, we present a case of pan-ophthalmitis, an infection affecting the entire eyeball, that occurred following acupuncture treatment. The purpose of this report is to highlight the risks associated with TCM treatments, which are often overlooked or insufficiently communicated to patients. Tragically, the outcome for this patient was blindness, emphasizing the importance of informed decision-making when considering acupuncture as a treatment option.
  • References: 1. Lee SY, Chee SP. Group B Streptococcus endogenous endophthalmitis: Case reports and review of the literature. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(10):1879-1886. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01225-3
    2. Woo PCY, Lin AWC, Lau SKP, Yuen KY. Acupuncture-induced infection. BMJ. 2023;340(7757):1151. doi:10.1136/BMJ.C1268
    3. Panlilio AL, Beck-Sague CM, Siegel JD, et al. Infections and pseudo infections due to povidone-iodine solution contaminated with Pseudomonas cepacia. Clin Infect Dis. 1992;14(5):1078-1083. doi:10.1093/CLINIDS/14.5.1078
    4. Law SK, Wang L, Li T. Acupuncture for glaucoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020(2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006030.PUB4
  • Page: 59-62

A REVIEW ON BAUHINIA PURPUREA L.: TRADITIONAL USES, PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMISTRY

  • Authors: Siti Syariah M.
  • Abstract: Bauhinia purpurea L. can be considered as one of the popular medicinal plant in Southern Asia and is widely distributed in Asia’s region. Extensive research and studies have been carried out to prove the pharmacological properties of various part of this plant as claimed by the traditional medicinal practice. Furthermore, the isolation of the responsible bioactive compounds from the plant has become the major interest in providing the information of its chemical constituents that correlates with the pharmacological properties. B. purpurea has a value in biological activities such as antinociceptive, antifungal, wound healing, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, antimalarial, gastro protective and cytoprotective activity. This review presents a detailed survey of literature on phytochemistry, traditional and biological evaluated medicinal uses of B. purpurea.
  • References: 1. Arora SK, Hussain M, Yende SR, Moharir K, Pande V, Ittadwar A. Bauhinia purpurea: An Updated Pharmacological Profile. J Ayu Herb Med 2020;6(2):81- 85.
    2. Asolker, L.V., Kakkar, K.K., and Chakre O.J. 2000. Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, Part I (A-K). New Delhi: National Institute of Science Communication. p. 116-117.
    3. Bhartiya, H.P. and Gupta P.C. 1981. Phytochemistry. 20, p 2051.
    4. Boonphong, S., Puangsombat, P,. Baramee, A., Mahidol, C., Ruchirawat,S. and Kittakoop, P. 2007. Bioactive compound from Bauhinia Purpurea Possessing antimalarial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Journal of Natural Product, 70(5):795-801.
    5. Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra I.C. 1956. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi. Publication and Information Directorate Hill Side Road. p 35.
    6. Hall, N.T., and Nagy S. and Berry, R.E. 1976. Proc Fla State Hortic Soc. 88, p 486.
    7. Ignacimuthu, S., Ayyanar, M. and Sankarasivaraman. 2008. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants by Paliyar Tribals in Theni District of Tamil Nadu, India. Fitoterapia. 79, p 562-568.
    8. Jain, S.K. 1981. Glimpse of Indian Ethnobotany. New Delhi, India. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. p 226.
    9. Janardhanan, K., Vadivel, V. And Pugalenthi, M. 2003. Biodiversity in Indian Underexploited/Tribal Pulses. In Jaiwal K.P. and R.P. Singh (Eds), Improvement Strategies for Leguminosae Biotechnology. p 353-405. Great Britain. Kluwer Academic Press.
    10. Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D., 1984. Indian Medicinal Plants, vol. I–IV. Lalit Mohan, Allahabad, India.
    11. Kirthikar K.R. and Basu D.B. 2001. Indian Medicinal Plants. 3rd Ed. Vol. 4, Dehradun: Oriental Enterprises. p. 1255-1257.
    12. Kuo, Y.H. and Yeh, M.H. 1998. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 65, p 367.
    13. Kuo, Y.H., Yeh, M.H. and Huang, S.L. 1998. A Novel 6-Butyl-3-Hydroxyflavone from Heartwood of Bauhinia purpurea. Phytochemistry. 49:8. p 2529-2530.
    14. Lakshmi B, Neelima N, Kasthuri N, Umarani V, Sudhakar M. Antihyperlipidemic activity of Bauhinia purpurea extracts in hypercholesterolemic albino rats, Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2010; 3(3):1265- 1272.
    15. Morais, S.M., Dantas, J.D.P., Silva, A.R.A., Magalhes, E.F. 2005. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. p 169-177.
    16. Mukherjee, P.K., Gopal, T.K., Subburaju, T., Dhanbal, S.B., Duraiswamy, B., Elango, K., Suresh, B., 1998. Studies on the anti-diarrheal profiles of Bauhinia purpurea L. leaves (Caesalpiniaceae) extract. Natural Product Sciences 4, 234–237.
    17. Muralikrishna, K.S., Latha, K.P., Shreedhara, C.S., Vaidya, V.P., and Krupanidhi, A.M. 2007. Effect of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. On Alloxan-induced diabetic rats and Isolated Frog’s Heart. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. p 83-86.
    18. Panda, S. and Kar, A. 1999. Withania somnifora and Bauhinia purpurea in the Regulation of Circulating Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Female Mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 67: p 233-239.
    19. Pant R. and Bishnoi, P.L. 1974. Curr Sci. 43, p 213.
    20. Parrota, J.A. 2001. Healing Plants of Peninsular India. CABI International Walling Ford Oxon Ox 10 8 DE, UK: CABI Publishing.
    21. Pettit, G.R., Numata, A., Iwamoto, C., Usami, Y., Yamada, T., Ohishi, H., and Cragg, G.M. 2006. Antineoplastic agents. 551. Isolation and structures of bauhiniastatins 1-4 from Bauhinia purpurea. Journal of Natural Product 69: 323-327.
    22. Poonam, K. and Singh, G.S. 2009. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Taungya Community in Terai Arc Landscape, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 123, p 167-176.
    23. Rajaram, N., and Janardhanan K. 1991. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Potential of Tribal Pulses Bauhinia purpurea, B. racemosa and B. vahili. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 55, p 423-431.
    24. Ramachandran, Reena, Bhuvan C. Joshi. 1967. Chemical Examination of Bauhinia purpurea flowers. Current Sci. 36, p 5774-5775.
    25. Ramadan, M.F., Sharanabasappa, G., Seetharam, Y.N., Seshagiri, M., and Moersel J. 2006. Characterisation of Fatty Acids and Biaoctive Compounds of kachnar (Bauhinia purpurea L.) Seed Oil. 98, 359-365.
    26. Salatino, A., Blatt, C.T.T., Dos Santos D.Y.A.C., and Vaz, A.M.S.F. 1999. Foliar flavonoids of nine species of Bauhinia. Rev Bras Botan, 22: 17-20.
    27. Sharma H.S., Chhangte L., Ashoke, Kumar Dolui. 2001. Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram,India. Fitoterapia 72 :146-161
    28. Sivarajan, V.V. and Balachandran, I. (1994) Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 570.
    29. Silva, K.L., Biavatti, M.W., Leite, S.N., Yunes, R.A., Monache, F. and Cechinel F.V. 2000. Naturforsch. p 478-480.
    30. Vijayakumari K., Siddhuraju P. and Janardhanan K. 1997. Chemical Composition, Amino Acid Content and Quality of Protein in the Legume of Bauhinia purpurea L. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 73, p 279-286.
    31. Wahab, S.M., Wassel, G.M., Ammar, N.M. and Hanna, T. 1987. Herba Hun. 6, p 27.
    32. Yadava, R.N. and Tripathi, P. 2000. A novel flavone glycoside from the stem of Bauhinia purpurea. Fitoterapia, 71: 88-90.
    33. Young, M.N., Watson, D.C. and Williams, R.E. 1985. Lectins and Legume Taxonomy. Characterization of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine Specific Lectin from Bauhinia purpurea. Federation of European Biochemical Society Letters. 182, p 404-406.
    34. Zakaria, Z.A. 2007. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Some Plants Available in Malaysia. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. p. 87-91.
    35. Zakaria, Z.A., Loo, Y.W., Abdul Rahman, N.I., Abdul Rahim, A.A., Sulaiman, M.R. and Gopalan, H.K. 2007. Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of the aqueous extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaves in experimental animals. Medicinal Principles and Practice. 16: 443-449.
  • Page: 83-85
  • Reference Link:

    1. Arora SK, Hussain M, Yende SR, Moharir K, Pande V, Ittadwar A. Bauhinia purpurea: An Updated Pharmacological Profile. J Ayu Herb Med 2020;6(2):81- 85.<br />

    2. Asolker, L.V., Kakkar, K.K., and Chakre O.J. 2000. Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, Part I (A-K). New Delhi: National Institute of Science Communication. p. 116-117.<br />

    3. Bhartiya, H.P. and Gupta P.C. 1981. Phytochemistry. 20, p 2051.<br />

    4. Boonphong, S.,  Puangsombat, P,.  Baramee, A.,  Mahidol, C., Ruchirawat,S. and  Kittakoop, P. 2007. Bioactive compound from Bauhinia Purpurea Possessing antimalarial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Journal of Natural Product, 70(5):795-801.<br />

    5. Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L. and Chopra I.C. 1956. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi. Publication and Information Directorate Hill Side Road. p 35.<br />

    6. Hall, N.T., and Nagy S. and Berry, R.E. 1976. Proc Fla State Hortic Soc. 88, p 486.<br />

    7. Ignacimuthu, S., Ayyanar, M. and Sankarasivaraman. 2008. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants by Paliyar Tribals in Theni District of Tamil Nadu, India. Fitoterapia. 79, p 562-568.<br />

    8. Jain, S.K. 1981. Glimpse of Indian Ethnobotany. New Delhi, India. Oxford and IBH  Publishing Co. p 226.<br />

    9. Janardhanan, K., Vadivel, V. And Pugalenthi, M. 2003. Biodiversity in Indian Underexploited/Tribal Pulses. In Jaiwal K.P. and R.P. Singh (Eds), Improvement Strategies for Leguminosae Biotechnology. p 353-405. Great Britain. Kluwer Academic Press.<br />

    10. Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D., 1984. Indian Medicinal Plants, vol. I–IV. Lalit Mohan, Allahabad, India.<br />

    11. Kirthikar K.R. and Basu D.B. 2001. Indian Medicinal Plants. 3rd Ed. Vol. 4, Dehradun: Oriental Enterprises. p. 1255-1257.<br />

    12. Kuo, Y.H. and Yeh, M.H. 1998. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 65, p 367.<br />

    13. Kuo, Y.H., Yeh, M.H. and Huang, S.L. 1998. A Novel 6-Butyl-3-Hydroxyflavone from Heartwood of Bauhinia purpurea. Phytochemistry. 49:8. p 2529-2530.<br />

    14. Lakshmi B, Neelima N, Kasthuri N, Umarani V, Sudhakar M. Antihyperlipidemic activity of Bauhinia purpurea extracts in hypercholesterolemic albino rats, Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2010; 3(3):1265- 1272.<br />

    15. Morais, S.M., Dantas, J.D.P., Silva, A.R.A., Magalhes, E.F. 2005. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. p 169-177.<br />

    16. Mukherjee, P.K., Gopal, T.K., Subburaju, T., Dhanbal, S.B., Duraiswamy, B., Elango, K., Suresh, B., 1998. Studies on the anti-diarrheal profiles of Bauhinia purpurea L. leaves (Caesalpiniaceae) extract. Natural Product Sciences 4, 234–237.<br />

    17. Muralikrishna, K.S., Latha, K.P., Shreedhara, C.S., Vaidya, V.P., and Krupanidhi, A.M. 2007. Effect of Bauhinia purpurea Linn. On Alloxan-induced diabetic rats and Isolated Frog’s Heart. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. p 83-86.<br />

    18. Panda, S. and Kar, A. 1999. Withania somnifora and Bauhinia purpurea in the Regulation of Circulating Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Female Mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 67: p 233-239.<br />

    19. Pant R. and Bishnoi, P.L. 1974. Curr Sci. 43, p 213.<br />

    20. Parrota, J.A. 2001. Healing Plants of Peninsular India. CABI International Walling Ford Oxon Ox 10 8 DE, UK: CABI Publishing.<br />

    21. Pettit, G.R., Numata, A., Iwamoto, C., Usami, Y., Yamada, T., Ohishi, H., and Cragg, G.M. 2006.  Antineoplastic agents. 551. Isolation and structures of bauhiniastatins 1-4 from Bauhinia purpurea. Journal of Natural Product  69: 323-327.<br />

    22. Poonam, K. and Singh, G.S. 2009. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Taungya Community in Terai Arc Landscape, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 123, p 167-176.<br />

    23. Rajaram, N., and Janardhanan K. 1991. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Potential of Tribal Pulses Bauhinia purpurea, B. racemosa and B. vahili. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 55, p 423-431.<br />

    24. Ramachandran, Reena, Bhuvan C. Joshi. 1967. Chemical Examination of Bauhinia purpurea flowers. Current Sci. 36, p 5774-5775.<br />

    25. Ramadan, M.F., Sharanabasappa, G., Seetharam, Y.N., Seshagiri, M., and Moersel J. 2006. Characterisation of Fatty Acids and Biaoctive Compounds of kachnar (Bauhinia purpurea L.) Seed Oil. 98, 359-365.<br />

    26. Salatino, A., Blatt, C.T.T., Dos Santos D.Y.A.C., and Vaz, A.M.S.F.  1999. Foliar flavonoids of nine species of Bauhinia. Rev Bras Botan,  22: 17-20.<br />

    27. Sharma H.S., Chhangte L., Ashoke, Kumar Dolui. 2001. Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram,India. Fitoterapia 72 :146-161<br />

    28. Sivarajan, V.V. and Balachandran, I. (1994) Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 570.<br />

    29. Silva, K.L., Biavatti, M.W., Leite, S.N., Yunes, R.A., Monache, F. and Cechinel F.V. 2000. Naturforsch. p 478-480.<br />

    30. Vijayakumari K., Siddhuraju P. and Janardhanan K. 1997. Chemical Composition, Amino Acid Content and Quality of Protein in the Legume of Bauhinia purpurea L. Journal of the Science of  Food and Agriculture. 73, p 279-286.<br />

    31. Wahab, S.M., Wassel, G.M., Ammar, N.M. and Hanna, T.  1987. Herba Hun. 6, p 27.<br />

    32. Yadava, R.N. and Tripathi, P. 2000. A novel flavone glycoside from the stem of Bauhinia purpurea. Fitoterapia,  71: 88-90.<br />

    33. Young, M.N., Watson, D.C. and Williams, R.E. 1985. Lectins and Legume Taxonomy. Characterization of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine Specific Lectin from Bauhinia purpurea. Federation of European Biochemical Society Letters. 182, p 404-406.<br />

    34. Zakaria, Z.A. 2007. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Some Plants Available in Malaysia. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. p. 87-91.<br />

    35. Zakaria, Z.A., Loo, Y.W., Abdul Rahman, N.I., Abdul Rahim, A.A., Sulaiman, M.R. and Gopalan, H.K.  2007. Antinociceptive, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of the aqueous extract of Bauhinia purpurea leaves in experimental animals. Medicinal Principles and Practice.  16: 443-449.<br />

ACQUIRED CONJUNCTIVAL INCLUSION CYST FOLLOWING MULTIPLE EYELID SURGERIES POST TRAUMA

  • Authors: Baskar P., Hanida H., Mae-Lynn C. B., Sheena Mary A., Jemaima C. H. & Cheng Teck C.
  • Abstract: This report highlighted that multiple surgery on the eyelid can lead to an acquired conjunctiva inclusion cyst. A 6-year-old healthy boy was referred to the oculoplastic department with a complaint of swelling over the right upper eyelid and cosmetic concerns following multiple complicated surgeries to the right upper eyelid. Under the oculoplastic team, a right eye ptosis repair with resuturing of the upper eyelid was done under general anesthesia. Intraoperatively, a conjunctival inclusion cyst measuring 1.5mm was excised subcutaneously with an intact capsule in the medial segment of the upper eyelid. Postoperatively, he still had ptosis with highbrow position and frontalis over action. However, his visual acuity improved from 6/9 to 6/6 on the right eye following a mild resolution of ptosis. Through this report, it is concluded that the complications of conjunctiva cyst following eyelid repair can be avoided with proper surgical technique during the primary repair.
  • References: 1. Narayanappa S, Dayananda S, Dakshayini M, Gangasagara SB, Prabhakaran VC. Conjunctival inclusion cysts following small incision cataract surgery. Indian J Ophthalmol 2010;58:423–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.67067.
    2. Jakobiec FA, Bonanno PA, Sigelman J. Conjunctival adnexal cysts and dermoids. Arch Ophthalmol (Chicago, Ill  1960) 1978;96:1404–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1978.03910060158012.
    3. Jones BR. Trachoma and allied infections. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 1961;81:2115–28.
    4. Udell IJ, Gleich GJ, Allansmith MR, Ackerman SJ, Abelson MB. Eosinophil granule major basic protein and Charcot-Leyden crystal protein in human tears. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;92:824–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75637-5.
    5. Trocmé SD, Kephart GM, Bourne WM, Buckley RJ, Gleich GJ. Eosinophil granule major basic protein deposition in corneal ulcers associated with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115:640–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71463-1.
  • Page: 63-65

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

  • Authors: Nur Khairina Dayini K. & Mohd Jamil Y.
  • Abstract: This case report describes a 24-year-old Malay female patient with a history of prolapsed intervertebral disc (PID) who presented with persistent low mood, self-harm ideation, and other depressive symptoms. These symptoms were triggered by a complicated and unstable relationship with her partner, who exhibited controlling and critical behavior. Following the termination of the relationship, the patient experienced profound emotional distress, leading to symptoms such as insomnia, appetite loss, panic attacks, self-harm, and auditory hallucinations. The patient also had a history of suicidal thoughts and postpartum depression. The mental status examination revealed no perceptual disturbances or cognitive impairments. A diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder with Psychotic Features associated with an underlying Borderline Personality Disorder was made. Biological investigations showed no abnormalities, and treatment included medication (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepine, and antipsychotic) and supportive psychotherapy. The prognosis is variable but can be improved with prompt and thorough medical intervention, regular monitoring, and a strong support system.
  • References: 1. Foxhall M, Hamilton-Giachritsis C, Button K. The link between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Psychol. 2019 Sep;58(3):289-326.
    2. Ellison WD, Rosenstein LK, Morgan TA, Zimmerman M. Community and Clinical Epidemiology of Borderline Personality Disorder. Psychiatry Clinic North Am. 2018 Dec;41(4):561-573.
    3. Neuringer, C. (1961). Dichotomous evaluations in suicidal individuals. Journal of Consulting Psychology,25, 445–449. Napolitano, L. A., & McKay, D. (2007). Dichotomous thinking in borderline personality disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research,31, 717–726.
    4. Novalis, Rojcewicz, Peele. Clinical Manual of Supportive Psychotherapy, First Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.;1993:164.11
    5. Linehan MM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press; 1993. Salsman, N., & Linehan, M. M. (2006). Dialectical-behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder. Primary Psychiatry, 13(5), 51.
    6. Al-Quran, Surah Al-Isra (17:33)
  • Page: 30-33

CONTRALATERAL OPTIC NEUROPATHY IN SPHENOID WING MENINGIOMA WITH MIDBRAIN COMPRESSION

  • Authors: Inderpreet K., Ayeesha M. Z., Rupini Y., Norshamsiah M. D. & Jemaima C. H.
  • Abstract: A 38-year-old lady presented with progressively worsened binocular diplopia for 2 months associated with periorbital pain, headache, nausea and right sided tinnitus. Ophthalmic examination revealed Left Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) with impaired optic nerve function and right 6th cranial nerve palsy. Fundus examination showed bilateral optic disc swelling, more in the left eye. Humphrey Visual field showed left superior quadrant field defect. MRI Scan revealed right sphenoid meningioma with midline shift causing compression of the adjacent ventricle. She underwent preoperative angioembolization of the tumour followed by right craniotomy and tumour excision. Post-operatively, the diplopia, RAPD, optic disc swelling and visual field defect resolved. Optic neuropathy may be worst on the contralateral side of a space-occupying lesion despite bilateral optic disc swelling.
  • References: 1. Chen CJ, Scheufele M, Sheth M, Torabi A, Hogan N, Frohman EM. Isolated relative afferent pupillary defect secondary to contralateral midbrain compression. Arch Neurol. 2004 Sep;61(9):1451–3.
    2. Ruddy J, Cardenas AC. Hemianopsia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 [cited 2023 Feb 13]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562262/
    3. Goodwin D. Homonymous hemianopia: challenges and solutions. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014 Sep 22;8:1919–27.
    4. Donaldson L, Rebello R, Rodriguez AR. Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect with Normal Vision: Unique Localisation to the Contralateral Brachium of the Superior Colliculus. Neuroophthalmology. 2019 Dec 12;44(2):128–30.
    5. Visual outcome predictors after surgical excision of meningiomas compressing the optochiasmatic complex | Egyptian Journal of Neurosurgery | Full Text [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 31]. Available from: https://ejns.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41984-020-00088-5
    6. Taha ANM, Erkmen K, Dunn IF, Pravdenkova S, Al-Mefty O. Meningiomas involving the optic canal: pattern of involvement and implications for surgical technique. FOC. 2011 May;30(5):E12.
  • Page: 54-58

DIPLOPIA POST GLAUCOMA DRAINAGE DEVICE (GDD): A CASE SERIES

  • Authors: Izzaifa H., Norshamsiah M. D., Jemaima C. H. & Ropilah A. R.
  • Abstract: Diplopia is one of complications of glaucoma treatment especially patient treated with glaucoma drainage device (GDD) due to restrictions of the ocular motility. We reported a series of three cases who developed diplopia following GDD surgery. Case 1, a 46-year-old man who had right eye Baerveldt done in February 2021 after previous 2 trabeculectomies failed. Case 2, a 38-year-old man, a case of bilateral pseudophakic glaucoma. who had bilateral Ahmad glaucoma valve implant 19 years prior. Case 3, a 34-year-old lady who underwent right eye Ahmed glaucoma valve implant in 2004 for congenital glaucoma. All cases developed ocular motility problem and diplopia post operatively. Diplopia is an important complications of glaucoma drainage device which affect the patients with existing restricted visual function. It is important to counsel patients on the occurrence of diplopia associated with GDD surgery.
  • References: 1. L. Robbins et al., Strabismus After Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation, Am J Ophthalmol, vol. 222, pp. 1–5, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.019.
    2. E. Islamaj, C. P. Jordaan-Kuip, K. A. Vermeer, H. G. Lemij, and P. W. T. de Waard, Motility changes and diplopia after baerveldt glaucoma drainage device implantation or after trabeculectomy, Transl Vis Sci Technol, vol. 7, no. 5, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1167/tvst.7.5.7.
    3. E. Scherrer, L. M. Bachmann, O. Job, L. Müller, M. A. Thiel, and F. Bochmann, Occurrence of motility disorders in patients undergoing tube surgery—consecutive, retrospective follow-up case series analysis, Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, vol. 259, no. 8, pp. 2363–2371, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s00417-021-05202-3.
    4. P. Y. Sun, D. A. Leske, J. M. Holmes, and C. L. Khanna, Diplopia in Medically and Surgically Treated Patients with Glaucoma, in Ophthalmology, Elsevier Inc., Feb. 2017, pp. 257–262. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.10.006.
    5. E. J. Rockwood, The Ahmed Baerveldt Comparison (ABC) Study: Long-Term Results, Successes, Failures, and Complications, American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 163. Elsevier Inc., pp. xii–xiv, Mar. 01, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.12.031.
    6. H. Tanabe, S. Nakakura, A. Noguchi, H. Tabuchi, and Y. Kiuchi, Plate size reduction surgery for the Baerveldt 350-mm2 glaucoma implant for postoperative motor disturbance: A case report, Medicine (United States), vol. 98, no. 37, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017163.
    7. A. Abdelaziz et al., “Diplopia after glaucoma drainage device implantation,” Journal of AAPOS, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 192–196, Apr. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2012.11.017.
    8. Coleman AL, Hill R, Wilson MR et al. Initial clinical experience with the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve implant, Am J Ophthalmol 1995 Nov;120(5):684
    9. J. González-Martín-Moro et al., Latrogenic diplopia, International Ophthalmology, vol. 34, no. 4. Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 1007–1024, 2014. doi: 10.1007/s10792-014-9927-7.
  • Page: 34-37

EMPOWERMENT OF ISLAMIC PRINCIPLE IN DISEASE PREVENTION

  • Authors: Harif Fadzilah C. H.
  • Abstract: This paper explores the significant impact that Islamic teachings have in disease prevention. It dives into the significant relationship between Islamic teachings and the maintenance of one's health, incorporating ideas from both scientific and Islamic viewpoints. By examining the Quran and Hadith, this study uncovers valuable guidance on health, disease, and strategies for preventing illnesses from an Islamic standpoint. In addition to this, it details the development of Prophetic Medicine (Al-Ṭibb Al-Nabawī), beginning with the time of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and continuing up until the present day. This paper outlines a comprehensive strategy to empower Muslims with the knowledge and skills necessary for disease prevention, grounded in Islamic principles.
  • References: 1. Ibn Kathir. https://archive.org/details/TafseerIbnKathirenglish114SurahsComplete/001Fateh/. Tafseer Ibn-e-Kaseer.
    2. Sahih Al-Bukhari. https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/en/ih_books/single/en_Sahih_Al-Bukhari.pdf. https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/en/ih_books/single/en_Sahih_Al-Bukhari.pdf.
    3. CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 26]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf
    4. Tulchinsky TH. Marc Lalonde, the Health Field Concept and Health Promotion. In: Case Studies in Public Health. Elsevier; 2018. p. 523–41.
    5. Omar H. K. Kasule Sr. https://omarkasule-tib.blogspot.com/. 1011P-Qur’anic Concept about Health and Illness.
    6. Need for a New Medical Model - A Challenge for Biomedicine.
    7. Bonita R, Beaglehole R, Kjellström Tord, World Health Organization. Basic epidemiology. World Health Organization; 2006. 213 p.
    8. Sahih Al-Bukhari. Sahih Bukhari [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2023 Oct 11]. Available from: https://ia800607.us.archive.org/26/items/HadithShahiAlBukhariInEnglish/Sahih_Al-Bukhari.pdf
    9. Imam Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziah. Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet. 2nd Edition. Maktaba Dar-us-Salam; 2003. 17–18 p.
    10. cdc. Prevention [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/pictureofamerica/pdfs/picture_of_america_prevention
    11. Avicenna. AMS Press, New York. 1973 [cited 2023 Oct 11]. The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna. Available from: https://ia600609.us.archive.org/25/items/CanonOfMedicine/Canon-of-Medicine.pdf
    12. Ruth Alsop MFBJH. Empowerment in Practice: From Analysis to Implementation. World Bank; 2006.
     
  • Page: 76-82
  • Reference Link:

    1. Ibn Kathir. https://archive.org/details/TafseerIbnKathirenglish114SurahsComplete/001Fateh/. Tafseer Ibn-e-Kaseer.<br />

    2. Sahih Al-Bukhari. https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/en/ih_books/single/en_Sahih_Al-Bukhari.pdf. https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/en/ih_books/single/en_Sahih_Al-Bukhari.pdf. <br />

    3. CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 26]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf<br />

    4. Tulchinsky TH. Marc Lalonde, the Health Field Concept and Health Promotion. In: Case Studies in Public Health. Elsevier; 2018. p. 523–41.<br />
     
    5. Omar H. K. Kasule Sr. https://omarkasule-tib.blogspot.com/. 1011P-Qur’anic Concept about Health and Illness.<br />

    6. Need for a New Medical Model - A Challenge for Biomedicine.<br />

    7. Bonita R, Beaglehole R, Kjellström Tord, World Health Organization. Basic epidemiology. World Health Organization; 2006. 213 p.<br />

    8. Sahih Al-Bukhari. Sahih Bukhari [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2023 Oct 11]. Available from: https://ia800607.us.archive.org/26/items/HadithShahiAlBukhariInEnglish/Sahih_Al-Bukhari.pdf<br />

    9. Imam Ibn Qayyim Al-Jauziah. Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet. 2nd Edition. Maktaba Dar-us-Salam; 2003. 17–18 p.<br />

    10. cdc. Prevention [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sep 28]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/pictureofamerica/pdfs/picture_of_america_prevention<br />

    11. Avicenna. AMS Press, New York. 1973 [cited 2023 Oct 11]. The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna. Available from: https://ia600609.us.archive.org/25/items/CanonOfMedicine/Canon-of-Medicine.pdf<br />

    12. Ruth Alsop MFBJH. Empowerment in Practice: From Analysis to Implementation. World Bank; 2006.<br />
      

ENUCLEATION TRENDS AND RISK FACTORS OF RETINOBLASTOMA PATIENTS IN MALAYSIA

  • Authors: Vishel S., Sangeetha T., Norhafizah H. & Jamalia R.
  • Abstract: A study was conducted to investigate the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma cases in Malaysia, with a focus on identifying risk factors associated with enucleation. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of registry data from the National Retinoblastoma Registry spanning from 2004 to 2022. Results based on a cohort of 277 retinoblastoma patients, yield noteworthy insights. The median age at diagnosis was 16 months, with a predilection for unilateral presentation (65%) over bilateral (35%). Gender distribution exhibited no significant bias, with 55.6% males and 44.4% females. Ethnicity-wise, the Malay group demonstrated the highest incidence at 57.0%, followed by Chinese (19.1%) and Indian (7.2%) populations. Leukocoria emerged as the predominant initial symptom, manifesting in 65.4% of cases. Combining leukocoria and strabismus accounted for 12.3% of cases, while strabismus alone was observed in 4.5% of cases. Extraocular extensions, detected radiographically, were noted in 12% of patients, with optic pathway involvement being the most prevalent (3.5% unilaterally and 2.9% bilaterally). Risk factors for enucleation were also examined, revealing that unilateral cases carried a significantly higher enucleation risk (10.48 times) compared to bilateral cases. A family history of retinoblastoma was associated with a noteworthy 89% reduction in enucleation risk. Additionally, advanced International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification (IIRC) stages D and E correlated with an elevated likelihood of enucleation. In conclusion, our study underscores the importance of early detection, particularly in unilateral cases and advanced stages of retinoblastoma. These findings hold significant clinical relevance and can inform more informed clinical decision-making and patient counselling.
  • References: 1. Kivela T. The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2009 Aug 24;93(9):1129–31.‌https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2008.150292
    2. Godbout R, Dryja TP, Squire J, Gallie BL, Phillips RA. Somatic inactivation of genes on chromosome 13 is a common event in retinoblastoma. Nature. 1983 Aug;304(5925):451–3. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/304451a0.
    3. Daphna Landau Prat, Zondervan M, Ido Didi Fabian. Worldwide Analysis: The Global Presentation of Retinoblastoma. 2022 Jan 1;13–8.‌ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08250-4_3
    4. Subramaniam S, Rahmat J, Rahman NA, Ramasamy S, Bhoo-Pathy N, Pin GP, et al. Presentation of Retinoblastoma Patients in Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014 Oct 11;15(18):7863–7.‌ https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7863
    5. de Graaf P, Göricke S, Rodjan F, Galluzzi P, Maeder P, Castelijns JA, et al. Guidelines for imaging retinoblastoma: imaging principles and MRI standardization. Pediatric Radiology. 2011 Aug 18;42(1):2–14.‌ ‌‌https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-011-2201-5
    6. Ellsworth RW. The practical management of retinoblastoma. 1969 Jan 1;67:462–534.
    7. Linnmurphree A. Intraocular Retinoblastoma: the Case for a New Group Classification. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America. 2005 Mar;18(1):41–53. ‌‌https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohc.2004.11.003.
    8. Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Au AK, Czyz C, Leahey A, Meadows AT, et al. The International Classification of Retinoblastoma Predicts Chemoreduction Success. Ophthalmology. 2006 Dec;113(12):2276–80. ‌‌‌https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.018
    9. Mallipatna AC, Gallie BL, Chévez-Barrios P, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Chantada G, Doz F, Munier FL, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017.
    10. Shridevi et al. Anophthalmic Sockets in Retinoblastoma: A Single Center Experience. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018; ‌‌‌‌https://doi.org/10.22608/APO.201892
    11. Mendoza PR, Grossniklaus HE. Therapeutic Options for Retinoblastoma. Cancer Control. 2016 Apr;23(2):99–109. ‌‌‌‌https://doi.org/10.1177/107327481602300203
    12. Shields CL, Lally SE, Leahey AM, Jabbour PM, Caywood EH, Schwendeman R, et al. Targeted retinoblastoma management. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2014 Sep;25(5):374–85. ‌https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000091
    13. Munier FL, Beck-Popovic M, Chantada GL, Cobrinik D, Kivelä TT, Lohmann D, et al. Conservative management of retinoblastoma: Challenging orthodoxy without compromising the state of metastatic grace. “Alive, with good vision and no comorbidity.” Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2019 Nov;73:100764. ‌‌https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.005
    14. Shields CL, Shields JA. Retinoblastoma management: advances in enucleation, intravenous chemoreduction, and intra-arterial chemotherapy. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2010 May;21(3):203–12.‌ ‌‌https://doi.org/10.1097/icu.0b013e328338676a
    15. Jain M, Rojanaporn D, Chawla B, Sundar G, Gopal L, Khetan V. Retinoblastoma in Asia. Eye. 2018 Nov 1;33(1):87–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-018-0244-7
    1‌6. Global Retinoblastoma Study Group, Fabian ID, Abdallah E, Abdullahi SU, Abdulqader RA, Adamou Boubacar S, et al. Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level. JAMA oncology [Internet]. 2020 May 1;6(5):685–95. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32105305/ ‌https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6716.
    17. Hussain Z. Impact of Laterality on Cumulative Survival in Patients Diagnosed with Retinoblastoma: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of 1925 Cases in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021 Mar;Volume 15:991–1001. https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.S298209
    18. Sanjay Kumar Sahu, Banavali SD, Pai SA, Nair Cn, Purna Kurkure, Motwani SA, et al. Retinoblastoma: Problems and Perspectives from India. 1998 Nov 1;15(6):501–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/08880019809018311
    19. Fabian ID, Khetan V, Stacey AW, Allen Foster null, Ademola-Popoola DS, Berry JL, et al. Sex, gender, and retinoblastoma: analysis of 4351 patients from 153 countries. Eye (London, England) [Internet]. 2022 Aug 1 [cited 2022 Oct 26];36(8):1571–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34272514/ https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-021-01675-y.
    20. MyGovernment. MyGOV - The Government of Malaysia’s Official Portal [Internet]. Malaysia.gov.my. 2020. Available from: https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30114
    21. Kase S, Parikh J, Youssef P, A. Linn Murphree, Rao NA. Transforming Growth Factor β in Retinoblastoma-Related Cataract. 2008 Nov 10;126(11):1539–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.126.11.1539.
      22. Jijelava KP, Grossniklaus HE. Diffuse anterior retinoblastoma: A review. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013 Jul;27(3):135–9.
    23. Rodriguez-Galindo C, Chantada GL, Haik BG, Wilson MW. Treatment of retinoblastoma: Current status and future perspectives. Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2007 Jul;9(4):294–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-007-0015-4
    24. Shields CL. Chemoreduction for Unilateral Retinoblastoma. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 Dec 1;120(12):1653. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.120.12.1653
      25. Lu JE, Francis JH, Dunkel IJ, Shields CL, Yu MD, Berry JL, et al. Metastases and death rates after primary enucleation of unilateral retinoblastoma in the USA 2007-2017. The British Journal of Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2019 Sep 1 [cited 2023 Jan 17];103(9):1272–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30361279/ https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312915.
      26. Malaysia. Child Act 2001 (Act 611). 2001.
    27. Kim J. Enucleated eyes after failed intra-arterial infusion of chemotherapy for unilateral retinoblastoma: histopathologic evaluation of vitreous seeding. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2011 Nov;1655. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S24318.
    28. Zhao J, Feng Z, Wei M, Liu G, Solarte CE, Li B, et al. Impact of Systemic Chemotherapy and Delayed Enucleation on Survival of Children with Advanced Intraocular Retinoblastoma. 2020 Jun 1;4(6):630–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2020.02.015
    29. Jagadeesan M, Khetan V, Mallipatna A. Genetic perspective of retinoblastoma: From present to future. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2016;64(5):332. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4966369/ https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.185585.
    30. Draper G, Sanders B, Brownbill P, Hawkins M. Patterns of risk of hereditary retinoblastoma and applications to genetic counselling. British Journal of Cancer. 1992 Jul;66(1):211–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1992.244
  • Page: 66-75
  • Reference Link:

    1. Kivela T. The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2009 Aug 24;93(9):1129–31.‌

    2. Godbout R, Dryja TP, Squire J, Gallie BL, Phillips RA. Somatic inactivation of genes on chromosome 13 is a common event in retinoblastoma. Nature. 1983 Aug;304(5925):451–3. 

    3. Daphna Landau Prat, Zondervan M, Ido Didi Fabian. Worldwide Analysis: The Global Presentation of Retinoblastoma. 2022 Jan 1;13–8.‌ 

    4. Subramaniam S, Rahmat J, Rahman NA, Ramasamy S, Bhoo-Pathy N, Pin GP, et al. Presentation of Retinoblastoma Patients in Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2014 Oct 11;15(18):7863–7.‌ 

    5. de Graaf P, Göricke S, Rodjan F, Galluzzi P, Maeder P, Castelijns JA, et al. Guidelines for imaging retinoblastoma: imaging principles and MRI standardization. Pediatric Radiology. 2011 Aug 18;42(1):2–14.‌ ‌‌

    6. Ellsworth RW. The practical management of retinoblastoma. 1969 Jan 1;67:462–534.<br />

    7. Linnmurphree A. Intraocular Retinoblastoma: the Case for a New Group Classification. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America. 2005 Mar;18(1):41–53. ‌‌

    8. Shields CL, Mashayekhi A, Au AK, Czyz C, Leahey A, Meadows AT, et al. The International Classification of Retinoblastoma Predicts Chemoreduction Success. Ophthalmology. 2006 Dec;113(12):2276–80. ‌‌‌https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.06.018<br />

    9. Mallipatna AC, Gallie BL, Chévez-Barrios P, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Chantada G, Doz F, Munier FL, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017.<br />

    10. Shridevi et al. Anophthalmic Sockets in Retinoblastoma: A Single Center Experience. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018; ‌‌‌‌https://doi.org/10.22608/APO.201892<br />

    11. Mendoza PR, Grossniklaus HE. Therapeutic Options for Retinoblastoma. Cancer Control. 2016 Apr;23(2):99–109. ‌‌‌‌https://doi.org/10.1177/107327481602300203<br />

    12. Shields CL, Lally SE, Leahey AM, Jabbour PM, Caywood EH, Schwendeman R, et al. Targeted retinoblastoma management. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2014 Sep;25(5):374–85. ‌https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000091<br />

    13. Munier FL, Beck-Popovic M, Chantada GL, Cobrinik D, Kivelä TT, Lohmann D, et al. Conservative management of retinoblastoma: Challenging orthodoxy without compromising the state of metastatic grace. “Alive, with good vision and no comorbidity.” Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2019 Nov;73:100764. ‌‌https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.005<br />

    14. Shields CL, Shields JA. Retinoblastoma management: advances in enucleation, intravenous chemoreduction, and intra-arterial chemotherapy. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2010 May;21(3):203–12.‌ ‌‌https://doi.org/10.1097/icu.0b013e328338676a<br />

    15. Jain M, Rojanaporn D, Chawla B, Sundar G, Gopal L, Khetan V. Retinoblastoma in Asia. Eye. 2018 Nov 1;33(1):87–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-018-0244-7<br />

    1‌6. Global Retinoblastoma Study Group, Fabian ID, Abdallah E, Abdullahi SU, Abdulqader RA, Adamou Boubacar S, et al. Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level. JAMA oncology [Internet]. 2020 May 1;6(5):685–95. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32105305/ ‌https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6716.<br />

    17. Hussain Z. Impact of Laterality on Cumulative Survival in Patients Diagnosed with Retinoblastoma: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of 1925 Cases in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021 Mar;Volume 15:991–1001. https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.S298209<br />

    18. Sanjay Kumar Sahu, Banavali SD, Pai SA, Nair Cn, Purna Kurkure, Motwani SA, et al. Retinoblastoma: Problems and Perspectives from India. 1998 Nov 1;15(6):501–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/08880019809018311<br />

    19. Fabian ID, Khetan V, Stacey AW, Allen Foster null, Ademola-Popoola DS, Berry JL, et al. Sex, gender, and retinoblastoma: analysis of 4351 patients from 153 countries. Eye (London, England) [Internet]. 2022 Aug 1 [cited 2022 Oct 26];36(8):1571–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34272514/ https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-021-01675-y.<br />

    20. MyGovernment. MyGOV - The Government of Malaysia’s Official Portal [Internet]. Malaysia.gov.my. 2020. Available from: https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30114<br />

    21. Kase S, Parikh J, Youssef P, A. Linn Murphree, Rao NA. Transforming Growth Factor β in Retinoblastoma-Related Cataract. 2008 Nov 10;126(11):1539–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.126.11.1539.<br />
     
    22. Jijelava KP, Grossniklaus HE. Diffuse anterior retinoblastoma: A review. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013 Jul;27(3):135–9.<br />

    23. Rodriguez-Galindo C, Chantada GL, Haik BG, Wilson MW. Treatment of retinoblastoma: Current status and future perspectives. Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2007 Jul;9(4):294–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-007-0015-4<br />

    24. Shields CL. Chemoreduction for Unilateral Retinoblastoma. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 Dec 1;120(12):1653. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.120.12.1653<br />
     
    25. Lu JE, Francis JH, Dunkel IJ, Shields CL, Yu MD, Berry JL, et al. Metastases and death rates after primary enucleation of unilateral retinoblastoma in the USA 2007-2017. The British Journal of Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2019 Sep 1 [cited 2023 Jan 17];103(9):1272–7. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30361279/ https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312915.<br />
     
    26. Malaysia. Child Act 2001 (Act 611). 2001.<br />

    27. Kim J. Enucleated eyes after failed intra-arterial infusion of chemotherapy for unilateral retinoblastoma: histopathologic evaluation of vitreous seeding. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2011 Nov;1655. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S24318.<br />

    28. Zhao J, Feng Z, Wei M, Liu G, Solarte CE, Li B, et al. Impact of Systemic Chemotherapy and Delayed Enucleation on Survival of Children with Advanced Intraocular Retinoblastoma. 2020 Jun 1;4(6):630–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2020.02.015<br />

    29. Jagadeesan M, Khetan V, Mallipatna A. Genetic perspective of retinoblastoma: From present to future. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2016;64(5):332. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4966369/ https://doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.185585.<br />

    30. Draper G, Sanders B, Brownbill P, Hawkins M. Patterns of risk of hereditary retinoblastoma and applications to genetic counselling. British Journal of Cancer. 1992 Jul;66(1):211–9. 

FAMILY FUNCTIONING AND ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION CHEMISTRY

  • Authors: Nasriah F. & Mohd Jamil Y.
  • Abstract: A 14-year-old girl student presented with a depressive mood that led to aggression. She is diagnosed with major depressive disorder with multiple histories of suicidal attempts resulting from family factors, life events and environmental factors. She is predisposed to her parents’ divorce, leading to a weak parent-child relationship. This condition is precipitated by some physical and emotional abuse by her mother as well as attention deficit that causes an acute stress response, which manifests as feelings of persistent sadness and worry. It is perpetuated by the lack of social support and stigmata of mental illness towards her. The patient is treated with antidepressants for mood regulation and supportive psychotherapy. Additionally, psychosocial therapy such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) could be used along with pharmacotherapy to optimize the effectiveness of major depression disorder for this patient. Psychosocial support is provided to her by the paediatrician, the Social Welfare Malaysia, the One-Stop Crisis Centre, and the police.
  • References: 1. Institute of health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange(GHDx)
    2. Ang, Chun Ee & Arshat, Zarinah. (2019). Parent-Child Relationship and Depression among Adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia. 6. 61-65.
    3. Weissman MM, Jensen P. What research suggests for depressed women with children. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63:641–647.
    4. World Health Organization. (2021, 17 November). Mental health of adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.who.int//news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAyKurBhD5ARIsALamXaEoAaqHepdVnPpmivvoRZDkyCf1B1Z4De2UPf_q2xT5djiMaZb2iQwaAl7ZEALw_wcB
    5. Cheng, K., You, Y., Ye, B., and Chen, Z. (2022). The relationship between family function and middle school students’ suicide attitude. Psychol. Dev. Educ. 38, 272–278. doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2022.02.14
    6. Keitner, G. I., Ryan, C. E., Miller, I. W., Kohn, R., Bishop, D. S., and Epstein, N. B. (1995). Role of the family in recovery and major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 1002–1008. doi: 10.1176/ajp.152.7.1002
    7. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. Ann. Child Dev. 6, 187–249. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_4406.
    8. Jona, C. M., Labuschagne, I., Mercieca, E. C., Fisher, F., Gluyas, C., Stout, J. C., et al. (2017). Families affected by huntington’s disease report difficulties in communication, emotional involvement, and problem solving. J. Huntington's dis. 6, 169–177. doi: 10.3233/JHD-170250
    9. Ther. 22, 144–167. doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.00144 Olson, D. H., Waldvogel, L., and Schlieff, M. (2019). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: An update. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 11, 199–211. doi: 10.1111/jftr.12331
    10. Beavers, R., and Hampson, R. B. (2000). The Beavers systems model of family functioning. J. Fam. Ther. 22, 128–143. doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.00143
    11. Huang, X., Hu, N., Yao, Z., & Peng, B. (2022). Family functioning and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and peer relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 962147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.962147
    12. Sireli, O., and Soykan, A. A. (2016). Examination of relation between parental acceptance-rejection and family functioning in adolescents with depression/ Depresyonu olan ergenlerin anne-baba kabul-red algilari ve aile islevleri acisindan incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 17, 403–411. doi: 10.5455/apd.179441
    13. Kashani, J. H., Allan, W. D., Dahlmeier, J. M., Rezvani, M., and Reid, J. C. (1995). An examination of family functioning utilizing the circumplex model in psychiatrically hospitalized children with depression. J. Affect. Disord. 35, 65–73. doi: 10.1016/0165-0327(95)00042-L
    14. Gladstone, G. L., Parker, G. B., Mitchell, P. B., Wilhelm, K. A., and Malhi, G. S. (2005). Relationship between self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition and lifetime anxiety disorders in a clinical sample. Depress. Anxiety 22, 103–113. doi: 10.1002/da.20082
    15. Guerrero-Muñoz, D., Salazar, D., Constain, V., Perez, A., Pineda-Cañar, C. A., and García-Perdomo, H. A. (2021). Association between family functionality and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J. Family Med. 42, 172–180. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.19.0166
    16. Mufson L, Nomura Y, Warner V. The relationship between parental diagnosis, offspring temperament, and offspring psychopathology: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002;71:61–69.
    17. Leslie, L. A. (1988). Cognitive-behavioral and systems models of family therapy: How compatible are they? In N. Epstein, S. E. Schlesinger, & W. Dryden (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapy with families (pp. 49–83). New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers.
    18. Cotrell D, Boston P. Practitioner review: The effectiveness of systemic family therapy for children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002;43:573–586.
    19. Diamond G, Siqueland L, Diamond GM. Attachment-based family therapy for depressed adolescents: Programmatic treatment development. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2003;6:107–127.
  • Page: 86-90
  • Reference Link:
    1. Institute of health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange(GHDx)
    2. Ang, Chun Ee & Arshat, Zarinah. (2019). Parent-Child Relationship and Depression among Adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia. 6. 61-65.
    3. Weissman MM, Jensen P. What research suggests for depressed women with children. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63:641–647. 
    4. World Health Organization. (2021, 17 November). Mental health of adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.who.int//news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAyKurBhD5ARIsALamXaEoAaqHepdVnPpmivvoRZDkyCf1B1Z4De2UPf_q2xT5djiMaZb2iQwaAl7ZEALw_wcB
    5. Cheng, K., You, Y., Ye, B., and Chen, Z. (2022). The relationship between family function and middle school students’ suicide attitude. Psychol. Dev. Educ. 38, 272–278. doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2022.02.14
    6. Keitner, G. I., Ryan, C. E., Miller, I. W., Kohn, R., Bishop, D. S., and Epstein, N. B. (1995). Role of the family in recovery and major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 1002–1008. doi: 10.1176/ajp.152.7.1002
    7. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. Ann. Child Dev. 6, 187–249. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_4406.
    8. Jona, C. M., Labuschagne, I., Mercieca, E. C., Fisher, F., Gluyas, C., Stout, J. C., et al. (2017). Families affected by huntington’s disease report difficulties in communication, emotional involvement, and problem solving. J. Huntington's dis. 6, 169–177. doi: 10.3233/JHD-170250
    9. Ther. 22, 144–167. doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.00144 Olson, D. H., Waldvogel, L., and Schlieff, M. (2019). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: An update. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 11, 199–211. doi: 10.1111/jftr.12331
    10. Beavers, R., and Hampson, R. B. (2000). The Beavers systems model of family functioning. J. Fam. Ther. 22, 128–143. doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.00143
    11. Huang, X., Hu, N., Yao, Z., & Peng, B. (2022). Family functioning and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and peer relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 962147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.962147
    12. Sireli, O., and Soykan, A. A. (2016). Examination of relation between parental acceptance-rejection and family functioning in adolescents with depression/ Depresyonu olan ergenlerin anne-baba kabul-red algilari ve aile islevleri acisindan incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 17, 403–411. doi: 10.5455/apd.179441
    13. Kashani, J. H., Allan, W. D., Dahlmeier, J. M., Rezvani, M., and Reid, J. C. (1995). An examination of family functioning utilizing the circumplex model in psychiatrically hospitalized children with depression. J. Affect. Disord. 35, 65–73. doi: 10.1016/0165-0327(95)00042-L
    14. Gladstone, G. L., Parker, G. B., Mitchell, P. B., Wilhelm, K. A., and Malhi, G. S. (2005). Relationship between self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition and lifetime anxiety disorders in a clinical sample. Depress. Anxiety 22, 103–113. doi: 10.1002/da.20082
    15. Guerrero-Muñoz, D., Salazar, D., Constain, V., Perez, A., Pineda-Cañar, C. A., and García-Perdomo, H. A. (2021). Association between family functionality and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J. Family Med. 42, 172–180. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.19.0166
    16. Mufson L, Nomura Y, Warner V. The relationship between parental diagnosis, offspring temperament, and offspring psychopathology: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002;71:61–69. 
    17. Leslie, L. A. (1988). Cognitive-behavioral and systems models of family therapy: How compatible are they? In N. Epstein, S. E. Schlesinger, & W. Dryden (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapy with families (pp. 49–83). New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers.
    18. Cotrell D, Boston P. Practitioner review: The effectiveness of systemic family therapy for children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002;43:573–586.
    19. Diamond G, Siqueland L, Diamond GM. Attachment-based family therapy for depressed adolescents: Programmatic treatment development. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2003;6:107–127.

FLOOD DISASTER PREPAREDNESS: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE AMONG MALAYSIAN

  • Authors: Hazirah A. R., Nur Ain Sufiya M., Nurul Atina M. A., Dalila Sobrina A. K., Muhammad Aqmar Najmi M. N., Muhammad Fatih Fazari M. F., Muhammad Arman M. A. K., Muhammad Fathy Salmy A., Omar M. & Harif Fadzilah C. H.
  • Abstract: Floods pose a significant threat to lives and property, and recent events in Malaysia underscore the need for robust disaster preparedness. This study explores the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) of Malaysians regarding flood disaster preparedness to enhance community resilience. The survey, distributed nationwide, involved 442 respondents and utilized demographic factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, education, income, and residency. Findings indicate that Malaysians exhibit varied levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices, with notable disparities across socio-demographic factors. While educational qualifications positively influence knowledge, gender, ethnicity, and income impact attitudes and practices. The study highlights the importance of targeted education, awareness campaigns, and practical initiatives to bridge gaps and enhance disaster readiness. Despite limitations, including a short research period and biased sample composition, the study provides valuable insights for policymakers and researchers aiming to improve flood preparedness in Malaysia. Recommendations include extending research duration, increasing sample diversity, and incorporating face-to-face surveys for enhanced reliability. Strengthening disaster preparedness activities is vital for building a resilient and well-informed society.
  • References: 1. Rentschler, J., Salhab, M., & Jafino, B. A. (2022). Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries. Nature Communications, 13(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30727-4
    2. Ahmad, S., Bin, H., Muzamil, S., Zainun, N. Y., Ajman, N. N., Sulaiman, N., Khahro, S. H., Rohani, M., Mohd, S., Mohd, B., & Ahmad, H. (2022). Proposed Framework for the Flood Disaster Management Cycle in Malaysia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14, 1–21.
    3. Rosmadi, H. S., Ahmed, M. F., Mokhtar, M. Bin, & Lim, C. K. (2023). Reviewing Challenges of Flood Risk Management in Malaysia. Water (Switzerland), 15(13), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132390
    4. Mazlan, A. G., Zaidi, C. C., Wan-Lotfi, W. M., & Othman, B. H. R. (2005). On the current status of coastal marine biodiversity in Malaysia. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 34(1), 76–87.
    5. Elum, Z. A., & Lawal, O. (2022). Flood risk perception, disaster preparedness and response in flood-prone urban communities of Rivers State. Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 14(1), 1–10.https://doi.org/10.4102/JAMBA.V14I1.1303
    6. Albumijdad, J. R., Alismail, A. S., Albesher, M. A., & Alhajri, A. M. (2022). Attitude, knowledge, and barriers towards research analysis and writing in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11, 2123–2128. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc
    7. Andrade, C. (2020). Sample Size and its Importance in Research. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42, 102–103. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM
    8. Aung, K. T., Nurumal, M. S., & Ahayalimudin, N. A. (2019). Nurses ’ knowledge , Attitude and Practices ( KAP ) During Flood Disaster Affected East Coast Region in Malaysia. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS), 8(4), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.9790/1959-0804085159
    9. Torani, S., Majd, P. M., Maroufi, S. S., Dowlati, M., & Sheikhi, R. A. (2019). The importance of education on disasters and emergencies: A review article. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 8(85), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp
    10. Seddighi, H., Sajjadi, H., Yousefzadeh, S., López López, M., Vameghi, M., Rafiey, H., Khankeh, H. R., & Garzon Fonseca, M. (2020). Students’ preparedness for disasters in schools: A systematic review protocol. BMJ Paediatrics Open, 4(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000913
    11. Shah, M. A. R., Rahman, A., & Chowdhury, S. H. (2020). Assessing sustainable development of flood mitigation projects using an innovative sustainability assessment framework. Sustainable Development, 28(5), 1404–1417. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2094
    12. Raghupathi, V., & Raghupathi, W. (2020). The influence of education on health: An empirical assessment of OECD countries for the period 1995-2015. Archives of Public Health, 78(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00402-5
    13. Reyes, D. D., & Lu, J. L. (2016). Gender dimension in disaster situations: A case study of flood prone women in malabon city, metro manila. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 15, 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.11.001
    14. Bethel, J. W., Burke, S. C., & Britt, A. F. (2013). Disparity in disaster preparedness between racial/ethnic groups. Disaster Health, 1(2), 110–116. https://doi.org/10.4161/dish.27085
    15. Shariff, N. N. M., & Hamidi, Z. S. (2019). Community-based approach for a flood preparedness plan in Malaysia. Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.598
    16. Enarson, E., Fothergill, A., & Peek, L. (2018). Gender and Disaster: Foundations and New Directions for Research and Practice. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_11
    17. Stough, L. M., Kang, D., & Lee, S. (2018). Seven school-related disasters: Lessons for policymakers and school personnel. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 26(August). https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.26.3698
    18. Janizadeh, R., Omidvari, F., Motlagh, Z., & Jahangiri, M. (2023). Disaster Preparedness: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Hospital Staff. Health in Emergencies and Disasters Quarterly, 8(3), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.32598/hdq.8.3.482.1
    19. Ao, Y., Zhou, X., Ji, F., Wang, Y., Yang, L., Wang, Q., & Martek, I. (2020). Flood disaster preparedness: experience and attitude of rural residents in Sichuan, China. Natural Hazards, 104(3), 2591–2618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04286-0
    20. Chagutah, T. (2009). Towards improved public awareness for climate related disaster risk reduction in South Africa: A Participatory Development Communication perspective. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v2i2.19
    21. Wang, L., Cui, S., Li, Y., Huang, H., Manandhar, B., Nitivattananon, V., Fang, X., & Huang, W. (2022). A review of the fl ood management : from fl ood control to fl ood resilience. Heliyon, 8(e11763), 1–12.
    22. Singh, H., & Subramaniam, S. (2009). Health emergency and disaster preparedness in Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 40(SUPPL. 1), 11–15.
    23. FEMA. (2019). Planning Considerations: Evacuation and Shelter-In-Place. In Federal Emergency Management Agency (Issue July). https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1533580334064-72e9356ed35b726b1a25f4a8c3372c9d/DRAFT_Planning_Considerations_Evacuation_and_Shelter-in-Place_201808.pdf
    24. Noorhashirin, H., Nor Faiza, T., Mohammad Farhan, R., & Juni, M. H. (2016). Assessing malaysian disaster preparedness for flood. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 3(2), 1–16.
    25. Albris, K., Lauta, K. C., & Raju, E. (2020). Strengthening Governance for Disaster Prevention: The Enhancing Risk Management Capabilities Guidelines. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 47(June 2019), 101647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101647
  • Page: 48-53

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE REGARDING THALASSEMIA AMONG THE COMMUNITY IN ALOR SETAR

  • Authors: Omar Mihat, Nur Aisya Sofea Mohd Zohdee, Nurmaisarah Yusri, Nur Hannah Md Jelani, Syarifah Nurul Batrisyia Safwah Syed Mohd Asri, Auni Athirah Abu Bakar & Harif Fadzilah Che Hashim
  • Abstract: Thalassemia, which is an autosomal recessive disease, is a significant public health issue in Malaysia as it is one of the most common genetic diseases in our country. Between 4.5 and 5.0% of the Malaysian population were reported to be the carriers of this disease and 3.0 - 40.0% were HbE (c.79G>A) carriers. Although thalassemia is incurable, it is controllable with effective prevention strategies that could decrease the percentage of affected births by approximately 95%. Thus, this study aimed to determine the knowledge and attitude of a selected community which is Alor Setar, regarding Thalassemia. Respondents living in Alor Setar with a variety of demographic backgrounds were evaluated in terms of knowledge and attitude regarding Thalassemia. The determination of the sample size was derived from a formula that utilised the current population number of 133,000 in Alor Setar and the prevalence of Thalassemia at 5.0 percent. The results were analysed using IBM Statistical package for Social Studies (SPSS) version 29 software. Descriptive statistics were employed to illustrate the socio-demographic features of the subjects. Using the One-Way ANOVA test, the degree of knowledge and attitude were analysed, and the Chi-Square test was employed to examine the relationship between the factors. The significance level was set at 0.05. The results indicated that 98.6% of the population of Alor Setar has a good knowledge of thalassemia, while the remaining percentage has a mediocre understanding. A significant proportion of the population of Alor Setar (86.1%) holds a good attitude towards thalassemia, and the remainder individuals hold a moderate stance on the matter. In conclusion, the research undertaken in Alor Setar unveiled a commendable degree of community awareness and perspectives regarding thalassemia. Significantly, the research demonstrated a correlation between residential location and attitudes towards thalassemia, underscoring the influence of geographical location on attitudes towards the illness. These results support the alternative hypothesis that there is a substantial association between factors associated with thalassemia and that knowledge and attitude regarding thalassemia are both favourable.
  • References: 1. Haque AE, A’thirah bt Puteh F, Osman NL, Amilin Z, Zain M, Haque M 2015. Thalassaemia: Level of awareness among the future health care providers of Malaysia. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7(2): 896-902.
    2. George E, Tan JAMA 2010. Genotype-phenotype diversity of β-thalassemia in Malaysia: Treatment options and emerging therapies. Med J Malaysia, 65: 256-260.
    3. Mohammad Azmi Che Mat, L. H. (2020). Parental Knowledge on Thalassaemia and Factors Associated with Refusal to Screen Their Children. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 124-133.
    4. Wong LP, G. E. (2011). Public perceptions and attitudes toward thalassemia: influencing factors in a multi-racial population. BMC Public Health.
    5. Zilfalil Bin Alwi & Sharifah-Nany Rahayu-Karmilla Syed-Hassan (2022) Thalassemia in Malaysia, Hemoglobin, 46:1, 45-52.
    6. Zhang H, Zhabyeyev P, Wang S, Oudit GY. Role of iron metabolism in heart failure: From iron deficiency to iron overload. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2019 Jul 01;1865(7):1925-1937
    7. C.R. Vasudeva Murthy, Muhammad Zarif Asraf Bin Zulkeflle, Sunil Pazhayanur Venkateswaran & Ankur Barua (2015) Knowledge, Awareness and Participation of Medical and Non-medical Students in the Malaysia National Thalassemia Prevention Programme, International Journal of Human Genetics, 15:2, 61-72, DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2015.11886254
    8. Noman Ul Haq, N. M. (2018). Assessment of disease state knowledge and awareness among the guardians of thalassemia patients attending different health facilities in Quetta, Pakistan. International Journal of Advance Community Medicine, 22-27.
    9. Arthur W. Nienhuis, D. G. (2012). Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of the β-Thalassemias. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med.
    10. Martin, A., & Thompson, A.A., “Thalassemias Pediatric Clinics.2013;60: 1383–1391.
    11. A Kukreja, A. K. (2009). Awareness Of Thalassaemia Among Rural Folks In Penang, Malaysia. The Internet Journal of Health, Vol 12(1).
  • Page: 13-20

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & PRACTICE (KAP) ON BOOSTER DOSE OF COVID-19 VACCINE IN MALAYSIAN ADULTS

  • Authors: Nuruddin M. N & Muhammad Fakhrurrazi M. F., Mohamad Khairul Nazri I. A., Ku Sorfina K. Z., Nur Adrianan Batrisyia L., Adawiyah Farazila A. F & Putri Nur Amiliyana A.
  • Abstract: COVID-19, also known as coronavirus disease, was caused by SARS-CoV-2 originating from Wuhan, China, in December 2019. More than two years has been passed and now world is facing Omicron wave. Ministry of health (MOH) of Malaysia rolled out Booster dose for Covid-19 to fight against the new variant and now widens its vaccine roll-out to those as young as five years old to combat the disease. In this cross-sectional study was conducted from May 18th, 2022 to June 11th, 2022 through Google form. The questionnaire comprises 33 questions covering demographic data and the KAP of the respondents. The link to the survey was distributed through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, and WhatsApp and received over 400 responses. The inclusion criteria for this study were Malaysian citizens aged 18 and above who had received the Covid-19 vaccine and its booster dose. The SPSS statistical package version 28 was used to analyze all data. Less than 10% of the respondents have moderate knowledge, 30% of the respondents have a poor to moderate attitude and 80% of the respondents have poor and moderate practice about booster dose of COVID-19 as they are not sure about the effectiveness of it. There was no significant difference (p >0.05) between age, gender, religion and ethnicity groups regarding KAP of booster dose. Awareness of Booster dose of Covid-19 is significantly improved among the Malaysians because of government vaccine campaign and implication mysejahtera to monitor health status of people. A larger population sample with a longer period of study would reflect a better impression of KAP on booster dose. 
  • References: 1. Valencia DN. Brief Review on COVID-19: The 2020 Pandemic Caused by SARS-CoV-2. Cureus. 2020 Mar 24;12(3):e7386. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7386. PMID: 32337113; PMCID: PMC7179986.
    2. Meyerowitz EA, Richterman A, Gandhi RT, Sax PE. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Viral, Host, and Environmental Factors. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jan;174(1):69-79. doi: 10.7326/M20-5008. Epub 2020 Sep 17. PMID: 32941052; PMCID: PMC7505025.
    3. Esakandari H, Nabi-Afjadi M, Fakkari-Afjadi J, Farahmandian N, Miresmaeili SM, Bahreini E. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics. Biol Proced Online. 2020 Aug 4;22:19. doi: 10.1186/s12575-020-00128-2. PMID: 32774178; PMCID: PMC7402395.
    4. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, Azman AS, Reich NG, Lessler J. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020 May 5;172(9):577-582. doi: 10.7326/M20-0504. Epub 2020 Mar 10. PMID: 32150748; PMCID: PMC7081172.
    5. Sepandi M, Taghdir M, Alimohamadi Y, Afrashteh S, Hosamirudsari H. Factors Associated with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2020 Jul;49(7):1211-1221. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3574. PMID: 33083287; PMCID: PMC7548487.
    6. Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020 Apr;87(4):281-286. doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6. Epub 2020 Mar 13. PMID: 32166607; PMCID: PMC7090728.
    7. CDC, “Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal,” 2021. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/ index.php?r=column/ cone&menu_id=UjJoNk9OalhZWlVHdExiaGF1O W13UT09 (accessed Aug. 07, 2021).
    8. Jairoun AA, Al-Hemyari SS, El-Dahiyat F, Jairoun M, Shahwan M, Al Ani M, Habeb M, Babar ZU. Assessing public knowledge, attitudes and determinants of third COVID-19 vaccine booster dose acceptance: current scenario and future perspectives. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2022 Mar 28;15(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s40545-022-00422-2. PMID: 35346377; PMCID: PMC8959269.
    9. Chang CT, Lee M, Lee JCY, Lee NCT, Ng TY, Shafie AA, Thong KS. Public KAP towards COVID-19 and Antibiotics Resistance: A Malaysian Survey of Knowledge and Awareness. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 9;18(8):3964. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18083964. PMID: 33918782; PMCID: PMC8069954.
    10. Mohamed NA, Solehan HM, Mohd Rani MD, Ithnin M, Arujanan M. Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Malaysia: Public perception, knowledge, and acceptance. PLoS One. 2023 Apr 27;18(4):e0284973. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284973. PMID: 37104381; PMCID: PMC10138221.
    11. De Giorgio A, Kuvačić G, Maleš D, Vecchio I, Tornali C, Ishac W, Ramaci T, Barattucci M, Milavić B. Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Mar 21;10(3):481. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10030481. PMID: 35335113; PMCID: PMC8952598.
    12. Mohamed NA, Solehan HM, Mohd Rani MD, Ithnin M, Che Isahak CI (2021) Knowledge, acceptance and perception on COVID-19 vaccine among Malaysians: A web-based survey. PLoS ONE 16(8): e0256110. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256110.
    13. Rajakumar S, Shamsuddin N, Alshawsh MA, Rajakumar S, Zaman Huri H. A survey on Malaysian's acceptance and perceptions towards COVID-19 booster dose. Saudi Pharm J. 2023 Nov;31(11):101797. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101797. Epub 2023 Sep 26. PMID: 37829192; PMCID: PMC10565867.
    14. Wang VH, Silver D, Pagán JA. Generational differences in beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines. Prev Med. 2022 Apr;157:107005. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107005. Epub 2022 Feb 27. PMID: 35235852; PMCID: PMC8882364.
    15. Ghazy RM, Abdou MS, Awaidy S, Sallam M, Elbarazi I, Youssef N, Fiidow OA, Mehdad S, Hussein MF, Adam MF, Abdullah FSA, Rebai WK, Raad EB, Hussein M, Shehata SF, Ismail II, Salam AA, Samhouri D. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Doses Using the Health Belief Model: A Cross-Sectional Study in Low-Middle- and High-Income Countries of the East Mediterranean Region. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 25;19(19):12136. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191912136. PMID: 36231447; PMCID: PMC9566578.
    16. Saeed H, Ali K, Nabeel M, Rasool MF, Islam M, Hashmi FK, Saeed A, Saleem Z. Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination among Pharmacy and Non-Pharmacy Students. Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Jan 13;11(1):176. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11010176. PMID: 36680020; PMCID: PMC9860991.
    17. Lee RC, Hu H, Kawaguchi ES, Kim AE, Soto DW, Shanker K, Klausner JD, Van Orman S, Unger JB. COVID-19 booster vaccine attitudes and behaviors among university students and staff in the United States: The USC Trojan pandemic research Initiative. Prev Med Rep. 2022 Aug;28:101866. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101866. Epub 2022 Jun 27. PMID: 35785408; PMCID: PMC9235287.
    18. Elnaem MH, Mohd Taufek NH, Ab Rahman NS, Mohd Nazar NI, Zin CS, Nuffer W, Turner CJ. COVID-19 Vaccination Attitudes, Perceptions, and Side Effect Experiences in Malaysia: Do Age, Gender, and Vaccine Type Matter? Vaccines. 2021; 9(10):1156. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101156.
    19. Kricorian K, Civen R, Equils O. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: misinformation and perceptions of vaccine safety. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022 Dec 31;18(1):1950504. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1950504. Epub 2021 Jul 30. PMID: 34325612; PMCID: PMC8920251.
    20. Tsai R, Hervey J, Hoffman K, Wood J, Johnson J, Deighton D, Clermont D, Loew B, Goldberg SL. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Acceptance Among Individuals With Cancer, Autoimmune Diseases, or Other Serious Comorbid Conditions: Cross-sectional, Internet-Based Survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022 Jan 5;8(1):e29872. doi: 10.2196/29872. PMID: 34709184; PMCID: PMC8734610.
    21. Hashim JH, Adman MA, Hashim Z, Mohd Radi MF, Kwan SC. COVID-19 Epidemic in Malaysia: Epidemic Progression, Challenges, and Response. Front Public Health. 2021 May 7;9:560592. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.560592. PMID: 34026696; PMCID: PMC8138565.
    22. Ding Y, Huo W and Jin Y (2022) Does believing in different types of religion affect subjective wellbeing? Analysis of the public data of the Taiwan Social Change Survey. Front. Psychol. 13:1054566. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1054566.
    23. Wong LP, Alias H, Siaw YL, Muslimin M, Lai LL, Lin Y, Hu Z. Intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine booster dose and associated factors in Malaysia. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022 Nov 30;18(5):2078634. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2078634. Epub 2022 Jun 1. PMID: 35648441; PMCID: PMC9481074.
    24. Chang CT, Lim XJ, Chew CC, Rajan P, Chan HK, Abu Hassan MR, Akmal Shafie A, Lee SWH. Preferences and willingness of accepting COVID-19 vaccine booster: Results from a middle-income country. Vaccine. 2022 Dec 12;40(52):7515-7519. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.057. Epub 2022 Nov 1. PMID: 36371369; PMCID: PMC9622382.
    25. Sano Y, Mammen S. Mitigating the Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Rural Low-Income Families. J Fam Econ Issues. 2022;43(2):227-238. doi: 10.1007/s10834-021-09800-5. Epub 2022 Feb 22. PMID: 35221641; PMCID: PMC8860626.
  • Page: 4-12

MULTILEVEL LUMBAR SPONDYLOSIS WITH SPINAL STENOSIS

  • Authors: ‘Ammar Muttaqin A., Normaizatul Afizah I. & Nurul Qomariah A. S.
  • Abstract: Narrowing of the spinal canal or foramina is a common finding in spine imaging of the elderly. We present a case of multilevel lumbar spondylosis with spinal stenosis. Mr X, 79-year-old male with underlying Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension and minor coronary artery disease presented to the hospital with low back pain radiating to lower limb for 4 years, progressively worsening, affecting the ability to walk steadily for prolonged period, and the worst pain score is 9/10, and the least pain score is 4/10. It was associated with intermittent neuropathic symptoms like numbness from waist downwards, nocturnal claudication, and weakness. Otherwise, he had no fever, no vomiting, no headache, no chest and abdominal pain, no respiratory distress, palpitations, and no urinary incontinence. Management includes continue insulin as patient has diabetes mellitus, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, opioids, and start physical therapy. Most patients have a progressive presentation and are offered non-operative management as first treatment strategy.
  • References: 1. Melancia JL, Francisco AF, Antunes JL. Spinal stenosis. Handb Clin Neurol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Dec 27];119:541–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24365318/
    2. Jezek J, Sepitka J, Daniel M, Kujal P, Blankova A, Waldauf P, et al. The role of vascularization on changes in ligamentum flavum mechanical properties and development of hypertrophy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine J. 2020 Jul 1;20(7):1125–33.
    3. Alvarez JA, Hardy RH Jr. Lumbar spine stenosis: a common cause of back and leg pain. Am Fam Physician. 1998 Apr 15;57(8):1825-34, 1839-40. PMID: 9575322.
    4. Schönström N, Willén J. Imaging lumbar spinal stenosis. Radiol Clin North Am [Internet]. 2001 Jan 1 [cited 2023 Dec 27];39(1):31–53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11221505/
    5. Binder DK, Schmidt MH, Weinstein PR. Lumbar spinal stenosis. Semin Neurol. 2002 Jun;22(2):157–65.
    6. Kreiner DS, Shaffer WO, Baisden JL, Gilbert TJ, Summers JT, Toton JF, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). Spine J [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2023 Dec 27];13(7):734–43. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23830297/
  • Page: 27-29

OCULAR SPOROTRICHOSIS - A CASE SERIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW

  • Authors: Kumutha M., Ang W. J., Ng K. H., Norshamsiah M. D. & Nor Fadzillah A. J.
  • Abstract: We describe three patients with a similar presentation of granulomatous lymphocutaneous infiltration involving the tarsal conjunctiva and eyelid; and a literature review on ocular sporotrichosis in the Asia Pacific region. In this series, all patients had fungal cultures of “Sporothrix Schenckii” isolated from conjunctival biopsies. Oral Itraconazole 200 mg OD was started in all patients for an average period of 12 weeks. All of them recovered well with no ocular sequelae. Isolating the causative organism from a wide spectrum of organisms causing POGS is pertinent to ensure treatment success. A high degree of suspicion from history of exposure to domestic animals such as cats may expedite diagnosis and treatment.
  • References: 1. C. A. Kauffman, “Sporotrichosis,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 231–237, Jul. 1999, doi: 10.1086/520190.
    2. F. Queiroz-Telles, M. Nucci, A. L. Colombo, A. Tobón, and A. Restrepo, “Mycoses of implantation in Latin America: an overview of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment,” Med. Mycol., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 225–236, Apr. 2011, doi: 10.3109/13693786.2010.539631.
    3. L. M. Lopes-Bezerra, A. Schubach, and R. O. Costa, “Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis,” An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc., vol. 78, pp. 293–308, Jun. 2006, doi: 10.1590/S0001-37652006000200009.
    4. C. P. Ferreira, J. A. daCosta Nery, A. C. O. de Almeida, L. C. Ferreira, S. Corte-Real, and F. Conceição-Silva, “Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome associated with Sporothrix schenckii,” IDCases, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 38–39, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2014.05.001.
    5. M. B. de L. Barros, R. de Almeida Paes, and A. O. Schubach, “Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis,” Clin. Microbiol. Rev., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 633–654, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.1128/CMR.00007-11.
    6. T. M. P. Schubach et al., “Pathology of sporotrichosis in 10 cats in Rio de Janeiro,” Vet. Rec., vol. 152, no. 6, pp. 172–175, Feb. 2003, doi: 10.1136/vr.152.6.172.
    7. J. P. M. Yamagata et al., “Ocular sporotrichosis: A frequently misdiagnosed cause of granulomatous conjunctivitis in epidemic areas,” Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., vol. 8, pp. 35–38, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.09.005.
    8. M. Zamri-Saad, T. S. Salmiyah, S. Jasni, B. Y. Cheng, and K. Basri, “Feline sporotrichosis: an increasingly important zoonotic disease in Malaysia,” Vet. Rec., vol. 127, no. 19, p. 480, Nov. 1990.
    9. M. B. de L. Barros et al., “Cat-Transmitted Sporotrichosis Epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Description of a Series of Cases,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 529–535, Feb. 2004, doi: 10.1086/381200.
    10. A. Arinelli et al., “Ocular Sporotrichosis: 26 Cases with Bulbar Involvement in a Hyperendemic Area of Zoonotic Transmission,” Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 764–771, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1624779.
    11. U. Reinprayoon, M. Jermjutitham, S. Tirakunwichcha, W. Banlunara, W. Tulvatana, and A. Chindamporn, “Conjunctival sporotrichosis from cat to human: Case report,” Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., vol. 20, p. 100898, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100898.
    12. C. R. Ribeiro et al., “Ocular Sporotrichosis,” Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., vol. 19, p. 100865, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100865.
    13. C. A. Kauffman, B. Bustamante, S. W. Chapman, and P. G. Pappas, “Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Sporotrichosis: 2007 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1255–1265, Nov. 2007, doi: 10.1086/522765.
    14. D. E. Hampton, A. Adesina, and J. Chodosh, “Conjunctival sporotrichosis in the absence of antecedent trauma,” Cornea, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 831–833, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1097/00003226-200211000-00021.
    15. M. C. Ramírez Soto, “Sporotrichosis in the Ocular Adnexa: 21 Cases in an Endemic Area in Peru and Review of the Literature,” Am. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 162, pp. 173-179.e3, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.11.015.
    16. T. A. Ferreira, C. T. Sodré, J. M. Costa, C. R. P. Setta, and M. Ramos-e-Silva, “Primary conjunctival sporotrichosis: An atypical presentation of the disease,” JAAD Case Rep., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 497–499, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.01.022.
    17. J. L. L. Ling, K. L. Koh, E. Tai, Z. Sakinah, Y. Nor Sharina, and A. Hussein, “A Case of Acute Granulomatous Conjunctivitis Caused by Cat-transmitted Sporothrix schenckii,” Cureus, vol. 10, no. 10, p. e3428, doi: 10.7759/cureus.3428.
    18. L. de O. Furtado, A. L. Biancardi, L. M. de S. Cravo, R. P. P. Anjo, and H. V. de Moraes, “Ocular sporotrichosis: atypical manifestations,” Rev. Bras. Oftalmol., vol. 78, pp. 59–61, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.5935/0034-7280.20190014.
    19. A. R. Gameiro Filho, C. T. Estacia, R. R. Gameiro, L. de Mattos Fonseca Vieira, and D. Socci da Costa, “Ocular and cutaneous sporotrichosis,” Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., vol. 20, p. 100885, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100885.
    20. “Ocular sporotrichosis from a tertiary referral center in Malaysia and review of literature in Southeast Asia,” 2001, Accessed: Sep. 30, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.e-tjo.org/preprintarticle.asp?id=312511
    21. H. Y. Lee, N. Ramli, G. Govindasamy, J. H. Tham, and S. Y. Goh, “Primary ocular sporotrichosis with granulomatous conjunctivitis,” Eye Rep., vol. 7, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.16964/er.v7i1.106.
    22. L. Theng, R. Abdul Rahman, I. Kwok, and S. Ismail, “Unilateral granulomatous conjunctivitis in a pregnant retroviral positive woman on HAART,” Bangladesh J. Med. Sci., vol. 20, pp. 453–455, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3329/bjms.v20i2.51564.
    23. J. F. Ramírez-Oliveros et al., “Ocular adnexal sporotrichosis: A case series,” JAAD Case Rep., vol. 13, pp. 52–56, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.04.019.
    24. A. O. Liborio Neto, T. Rubim Caetano, N. H. Pestana Gervasio, and R. Camargo Carneiro, “Conjunctival and bulbar sporotrichosis as Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome acquired by blood inoculation,” GMS Ophthalmol. Cases, vol. 11, p. Doc02, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3205/oc000175.
    25. L. R. Lemes, J. V. Veasey, S. S. Mayor, and C. C. Proença, “Ocular involvement in sporotrichosis: report of two cases in children,” An. Bras. Dermatol., vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 349–351, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.08.015.
  • Page: 42-47

RISPERIDONE-INDUCED DIABETES INSIPIDUS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

  • Authors: Mohamad Shaufeq Aziq S. A. & Mohd Jamil Y.
  • Abstract: Miss M, a 46-year-old Malay woman diagnosed with Schizophrenia, exhibited complex psychiatric symptoms, including persecutory delusions and auditory hallucinations. A recent switch to risperidone resulted in distressing symptoms, including polyuria and polydipsia, raising concerns about possible Risperidone-induced Diabetes Insipidus. Laboratory findings indicated electrolyte imbalances, prompting referral to an Endocrinologist for further investigation. Mrs. M's case highlights the need for comprehensive assessments in patients experiencing adverse effects related to Risperidone. These include gradual dose reduction or discontinuation of Risperidone, monitoring of hydration and electrolyte balance. Psychoeducation on potential adverse effects is essential to detect early adverse events.
  • References: 1. Ryu, H. Y., Lee, M. Y., Lee, Y., Koh, J. H., Kim, M.-J., Shin, Y. G., & Chung, C. H. (2005). A Case of Drug-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus and Hyperprolactinemia in Schizophrenia Simultaneously. Journal of Korean Society of Endocrinology, 20(4), 407-412. https://doi.org/10.3803/jkes.2005.20.4.407.
    2. Koçer, E., Alçelik, A., & Canan, F. (2011). Olanzapine Intoxication-Related Transient Diabetes Insipidus. Case Reports in Psychiatry, 842-843. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2011.599094.
  • Page: 21-23

RUBBER BARK FUNGAL KERATITIS IN A CONTACT LENS WEARER

  • Authors: Fatin Noor Farzana M. S. B., Muzaliha M. N. & Ropilah A. R.
  • Abstract: Fungal keratitis is one of the leading cause of vision threatening ocular morbidity. Due to its slow pathologic progress, it posts a clinical diagnostic challenge. The increasing trend of fungal keratitis is attributed to the use of contact lens, non-judiciary corticosteroid, and corneal trauma by vegetative matter. We report a case of fungal keratitis in a 33-year-old man who has 2 risk factors; a contact lens wearer and corneal trauma by vegetative matter from rubber bark. The initial symptoms mimic bacterial keratitis. A presumptive diagnosis of fungal keratitis was made on 5 days after symptoms started based on the characteristic Slit-lamp biomicroscopic signs and treatment with topical as well as systemic antifungal drugs was started. In the absence of fungal elements and a positive culture, recognizing the characteristic appearance enable immediate treatment and minimizing complication, resulting in good outcome.
  • References: 1. Brown L, Leck AK, Gichangi M, Burton MJ, Denning DW. The global incidence and diagnosis of fungal keratitis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(3):49–57.
    2. Inoue Y, Ohashi Y, Shimomura Y, Sotozono C, Hatano H, Fukuda M, Eguchi H, Araki-Sasaki K, Suzuki T, Hoshi S, Asari S, Sunada A, Kimura K, Yaguchi T, Makimura K. Multicenter prospective observational study of fungal keratitis in Japan: analyses of culture-positive cases. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2022;66(3):227–239.
    3. Chow Tze Suen, Tan Chew Ean, Norshamsiah Md Din. A 5-year Retrospective Review of Corneal Ulcers in Northern Malaysia. The International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2021; 6(1): 8-13
    4. Khor WB, Prajna VN, Garg P, Mehta JS, Xie L, Liu Z, Padilla MDB, Joo CK, Inoue Y, Goseyarakwong P, Hu FR, Nishida K, Kinoshita S, Puangsricharern V, Tan AL, Beuerman R, Young A, Sharma N, Haaland B, Mah FS, Tu EY, Stapleton FJ, Abbott RL, Tan DT. The Asia Cornea Society Infectious Keratitis Study: A prospective multicenter study of infectious Keratitis in Asia.  Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;195:161–170.
    5. Slowik M, Biernat MM, Urbaniak-Kujda D, Kapelko-Slowik K, Misiuk-Hojlo M. Mycotic Infections of the Eye. Adv Clin Exp Med.2015. ; 24 (6): 1113 - 7.
    6. Yogesh Acharya, Bhawana Achaya, Priyanka Karki. Fungal keratitis: Study of increasing trend and common determinants. Nepal J Epidemiol 2017 Jun; 7(2): 685–693.
      7. Lim CH, Stapleton F, Mehta JS. Review of contact lens-related complication.Eye Contact Lens.2018;44 Suppl 2:0.
    8. Alamillo-Velazquez J, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Hernandez- Camarena JC, Rodriguez-Garcia A. Contact lens associated infectious keratitis: Update on diagnosis and therapy; IntechOpen. United Kingdom: 2021. Pp 3-33.
  • Page: 38-41

SCREENING ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE MENTAL WELLBEING OF STUDENTS AND STAFF AT UNISHAMS, KEDAH

  • Authors: Noor Azimah N., Muhammad Amzar A., Nur Fazlie S., Ahmad Muzakkhir A., Nur Balqis Z., Nur Zakiyyatussofiyyah O., Najhi M. N. & Harif Fadzilah C. H.
  • Abstract: The study determines the level of anxiety, depression and stress among students and staff of UniSHAMS during COVID-19. It is based on their mental wellbeing during COVID-19 and distress that affect people based on few events. The study design is cross sectional, analytical study and prospective descriptive. The respondents are anonymous but focusing on age group, gender as well as education level only. For inclusion, respondents from UniSHAMS and for exclusion, respondents from non-Malaysian studying at UniSHAMS. The questionnaire’s developed with the help of expert and Cronbach’s Alpha (.898). Results have revealed that there is significant relationship between depression and gender (1, N = 383) = 21.127, p = .000. Besides that, there is significant relationship between depression level and age group (4, N = 383) = 32.068, p = .000. Next, there is significant relationship between anxiety level and gender (1, N = 383) = 9.558, p = .002. There is also a significant relationship between anxiety level and age group (4, N = 383) = 29.026, p = .000. For stress level, there is a significant relationship between stress level and gender (1, N = 383) = 8.941, p = .003. Finally, there is a significant relationship between stress level and age group (4, N = 383) = 48.473, p = .000. This clearly showed that students and staff of UniSHAMS are having some issues with their mental wellbeing during COVID-19, thus screening and preventive measures should be taken to help defeat these. Generally, students and staff of UniSHAMS have poor mental wellbeing and a collaborative effort between authorities/the government and other stakeholders is necessary to effectively provide help to these groups.
  • References: 1. World Health Organization (2011). Global burden of mental disorders and the need for a comprehensive, coordinated response from health and social sectors at the country level. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB130/B130_9-en.pdf.
    2. Raaj, S., Navanathan, S., Tharmaselan, M., & Lally, J. (2021). Mental disorders in Malaysia: an increase in lifetime prevalence. BJPsych international, 18(4), 97–99. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2021.4.
    3. Institute for Public Health. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017: Adolescent Health Survey 2017. Malaysia. Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2017.
    4. Mofatteh M. (2020). Risk factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression among university undergraduate students. AIMS public health, 8(1), 36–65. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2021004.
    5. Miron O, Yu KH, Wilf-Miron R, et al. Suicide Rates Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States, 2000–2017. JAMA. 2019;321:2362–2364.
    6. Institute for Public Health. National Health & Morbidity Survey 2015. Volume II: Non-Communicable Diseases, Risk Factors & Other Health Problems. Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2015.
  • Page: 24-26