KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS CIGARETTE SMOKING: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN MALAYSIA
Nuruddin M.N., Hameem H., Ummu Farhana Sham S., Nur Syiham Khairina K., ‘Alyaa Basyirah O., Muhammad Uzair M.H., Nur Fatini F., Faris Aslam A.S. & Harif Fadzilah C.H.
abstract
Cigarette smoking remains a significant public health challenge globally, including in Malaysia, where smoking rates and second-hand smoke exposure persist despite interventions. This study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward cigarette smoking among Malaysian adults, analyzing demographic influences and behavioural patterns. This cross-sectional study was conducted from 6th June, 2024 to 06th July, 2024 through Google form. The questionnaire comprises 40 questions covering demographic data and the KAP of the respondents. The link to the survey was distributed through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, and WhatsApp and received over 408 responses. Results showed significant relationships between knowledge levels and region (p=0.007), education (p
references
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17. Keeler, C., Max, W., Yao, T., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., & Sung, H. Y. (2020). Smoking Behavior in Low- and High-Income Adults Immediately Following California Proposition 56 Tobacco Tax Increase. American journal of public health, 110(6), 868–870. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305615.
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19. Veerabhdrappa, S. K., Yadav, S., Ramachandra, S. S., Dicksit, D. D., Muttalib, K. B. A., & Zamzuri, A. T. B. (2022). Secondhand smoke exposure from the indoor and outdoor shisha centers located at the perimeter of educational institutions in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. Journal of public health policy, 43(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-021-00329-3.
20. Thomas, S., Fayter, D., Misso, K., Ogilvie, D., Petticrew, M., Sowden, A., Whitehead, M., & Worthy, G. (2008). Population tobacco control interventions and their effects on social inequalities in smoking: systematic review. Tobacco control, 17(4), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.023911.
21. Rogers, E. S., Rosen, M. I., Elbel, B., Wang, B., Kyanko, K., Vargas, E., Wysota, C. N., & Sherman, S. E. (2022). Integrating Financial Coaching and Referrals into a Smoking Cessation Program for Low-income Smokers: A Randomized Waitlist Control Trial. Journal of general internal medicine, 37(12), 2973–2981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07209-2.
2. Mallah, M. A., Soomro, T., Ali, M., Noreen, S., Khatoon, N., Kafle, A., Feng, F., Wang, W., Naveed, M., & Zhang, Q. (2023). Cigarette smoking and air pollution exposure and their effects on cardiovascular diseases. Frontiers in public health, 11, 967047. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.967047.
3. Krishnapillai, A., Kee, C. C., Ariaratnam, S., Jaffar, A., Omar, M. A., Sanaudi, R. B., Sooryanarayana, R., Kiau, H. B., Ghazali, S. S., Mohd Tohit, N., & Zainal Abidin, S. I. (2023). Social Support among Older Persons and Its Association with Smoking: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2018. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 11(16), 2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162249.
4. Kaufman, A. R., Twesten, J. E., Suls, J., McCaul, K. D., Ostroff, J. S., Ferrer, R. A., Brewer, N. T., Cameron, L. D., Halpern-Felsher, B., Hay, J. L., Park, E. R., Peters, E., Strong, D. R., Waters, E. A., Weinstein, N. D., Windschitl, P. D., & Klein, W. M. P. (2020). Measuring Cigarette Smoking Risk Perceptions. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 22(11), 1937–1945. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz213.
5. Weinberger, A. H., Franco, C. A., Hoff, R. A., Pilver, C., Steinberg, M. A., Rugle, L., Wampler, J., Cavallo, D. A., Krishnan-Sarin, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2015). Cigarette smoking, problem-gambling severity, and health behaviors in high-school students. Addictive behaviors reports, 1, 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2015.01.001.
6. Kotz, D., Batra, A., & Kastaun, S. (2020). Smoking Cessation Attempts and Common Strategies Employed. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 117(1-2), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2020.0007.
7. Lim, K. H., Teh, C. H., Pan, S., Ling, M. Y., Yusoff, M. F. M., Ghazali, S. M., Kee, C. C., Lim, K. K., Chong, K. H., & Lim, H. L. (2018). Prevalence and factors associated with smoking among adults in Malaysia: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015. Tobacco induced diseases, 16, 01. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/82190.
8. Ko Ko, A. M., Hongsranagon, P., & Havanond, P. (2017). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) on Cigarette Smoking among Adult Myanmar Migrant Workers: A Case Study in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Journal of Health Research, 25(4), 215–218. Retrieved from https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jhealthres/article/view/81216.
9. Siyu Dai, Kate Ching Ching Chan; Parental Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Tobacco Use, Smoking Cessation and Children’s Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure. Pediatrics February 2022; 149 (1 Meeting Abstracts February 2022): 742.
10. Glenstrup, S., Bast, L. S., Danielsen, D., Andersen, A., & Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, T. (2021). Places to Smoke: Exploring Smoking-Related Practices among Danish Adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(2), 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020386.
11. Martinez, I. K. C., Sparks, N. R. L., Madrid, J. V., Talbot, P., & Zur Nieden, N. I. (2022). Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Impedes Human Osteoblast Differentiation Independently of Nicotine. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 24(12), 1921–1926. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac144.
12. Li, G., Ren, J., Wang, G., Hu, Q., Wu, Q., Wu, X., Li, R., Guo, K., Li, Y., Gu, G., Ren, H., Hong, Z., & Li, J. (2016). Disease-related knowledge and smoking behavior of patients with Crohn's disease. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 48(9), 1006–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2016.05.015.
13. Donovan K. A. (2000). Smoking cessation programs for adolescents. The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses, 16(4), 36–43.
14. Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Hajj, A., Lahoud, N., Akiki, Z., Akel, M., Saade, D., Zeidan, R. K., Farah, R., Hallit, S., & Salameh, P. (2020). Comparing cigarette smoking knowledge and attitudes among smokers and non-smokers. Environmental science and pollution research international, 27(16), 19352–19362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08162-z.
15. Lund, L., Lauemøller, S. G., Kjeld, S. G., Andersen, A., & Bast, L. S. (2021). Gender differences in attitudes towards a school-based smoking prevention intervention. Scandinavian journal of public health, 49(5), 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494820953325.
16. Mohmad, S., Ismail, A., Ks, H., Hassan, N., Imran, A. M., Hamzah, N. F., & Wan Mohd Zain, W. A. I. (2022). Comparison and determination of factors associated with smoking status, smoking knowledge, attitude and practice (S-KAP) between smoke-free and non-smoke-free campuses in public universities in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open, 12(3), e052275. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052275.
17. Keeler, C., Max, W., Yao, T., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., & Sung, H. Y. (2020). Smoking Behavior in Low- and High-Income Adults Immediately Following California Proposition 56 Tobacco Tax Increase. American journal of public health, 110(6), 868–870. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305615.
18. Colston, D. C., Cho, B., Thrasher, J. F., Titus, A. R., Xie, Y., Emery, S., Elliott, M. R., & Fleischer, N. L. (2021). Anti-Smoking Media Campaigns and Disparities in Smoking Cessation in the United States, 2001-2015. American journal of health promotion: AJHP, 35(5), 658–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117120985818.
19. Veerabhdrappa, S. K., Yadav, S., Ramachandra, S. S., Dicksit, D. D., Muttalib, K. B. A., & Zamzuri, A. T. B. (2022). Secondhand smoke exposure from the indoor and outdoor shisha centers located at the perimeter of educational institutions in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. Journal of public health policy, 43(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-021-00329-3.
20. Thomas, S., Fayter, D., Misso, K., Ogilvie, D., Petticrew, M., Sowden, A., Whitehead, M., & Worthy, G. (2008). Population tobacco control interventions and their effects on social inequalities in smoking: systematic review. Tobacco control, 17(4), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2007.023911.
21. Rogers, E. S., Rosen, M. I., Elbel, B., Wang, B., Kyanko, K., Vargas, E., Wysota, C. N., & Sherman, S. E. (2022). Integrating Financial Coaching and Referrals into a Smoking Cessation Program for Low-income Smokers: A Randomized Waitlist Control Trial. Journal of general internal medicine, 37(12), 2973–2981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07209-2.