OCULAR SPOROTRICHOSIS - A CASE SERIES AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Kumutha M., Ang W. J., Ng K. H., Norshamsiah M. D. & Nor Fadzillah A. J.
abstract
We describe three patients with a similar presentation of granulomatous lymphocutaneous infiltration involving the tarsal conjunctiva and eyelid; and a literature review on ocular sporotrichosis in the Asia Pacific region. In this series, all patients had fungal cultures of “Sporothrix Schenckii” isolated from conjunctival biopsies. Oral Itraconazole 200 mg OD was started in all patients for an average period of 12 weeks. All of them recovered well with no ocular sequelae. Isolating the causative organism from a wide spectrum of organisms causing POGS is pertinent to ensure treatment success. A high degree of suspicion from history of exposure to domestic animals such as cats may expedite diagnosis and treatment.
references
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20. “Ocular sporotrichosis from a tertiary referral center in Malaysia and review of literature in Southeast Asia,” 2001, Accessed: Sep. 30, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.e-tjo.org/preprintarticle.asp?id=312511
21. H. Y. Lee, N. Ramli, G. Govindasamy, J. H. Tham, and S. Y. Goh, “Primary ocular sporotrichosis with granulomatous conjunctivitis,” Eye Rep., vol. 7, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.16964/er.v7i1.106.
22. L. Theng, R. Abdul Rahman, I. Kwok, and S. Ismail, “Unilateral granulomatous conjunctivitis in a pregnant retroviral positive woman on HAART,” Bangladesh J. Med. Sci., vol. 20, pp. 453–455, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3329/bjms.v20i2.51564.
23. J. F. Ramírez-Oliveros et al., “Ocular adnexal sporotrichosis: A case series,” JAAD Case Rep., vol. 13, pp. 52–56, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.04.019.
24. A. O. Liborio Neto, T. Rubim Caetano, N. H. Pestana Gervasio, and R. Camargo Carneiro, “Conjunctival and bulbar sporotrichosis as Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome acquired by blood inoculation,” GMS Ophthalmol. Cases, vol. 11, p. Doc02, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3205/oc000175.
25. L. R. Lemes, J. V. Veasey, S. S. Mayor, and C. C. Proença, “Ocular involvement in sporotrichosis: report of two cases in children,” An. Bras. Dermatol., vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 349–351, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.08.015.
2. F. Queiroz-Telles, M. Nucci, A. L. Colombo, A. Tobón, and A. Restrepo, “Mycoses of implantation in Latin America: an overview of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment,” Med. Mycol., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 225–236, Apr. 2011, doi: 10.3109/13693786.2010.539631.
3. L. M. Lopes-Bezerra, A. Schubach, and R. O. Costa, “Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis,” An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc., vol. 78, pp. 293–308, Jun. 2006, doi: 10.1590/S0001-37652006000200009.
4. C. P. Ferreira, J. A. daCosta Nery, A. C. O. de Almeida, L. C. Ferreira, S. Corte-Real, and F. Conceição-Silva, “Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome associated with Sporothrix schenckii,” IDCases, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 38–39, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2014.05.001.
5. M. B. de L. Barros, R. de Almeida Paes, and A. O. Schubach, “Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis,” Clin. Microbiol. Rev., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 633–654, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.1128/CMR.00007-11.
6. T. M. P. Schubach et al., “Pathology of sporotrichosis in 10 cats in Rio de Janeiro,” Vet. Rec., vol. 152, no. 6, pp. 172–175, Feb. 2003, doi: 10.1136/vr.152.6.172.
7. J. P. M. Yamagata et al., “Ocular sporotrichosis: A frequently misdiagnosed cause of granulomatous conjunctivitis in epidemic areas,” Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., vol. 8, pp. 35–38, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2017.09.005.
8. M. Zamri-Saad, T. S. Salmiyah, S. Jasni, B. Y. Cheng, and K. Basri, “Feline sporotrichosis: an increasingly important zoonotic disease in Malaysia,” Vet. Rec., vol. 127, no. 19, p. 480, Nov. 1990.
9. M. B. de L. Barros et al., “Cat-Transmitted Sporotrichosis Epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Description of a Series of Cases,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 529–535, Feb. 2004, doi: 10.1086/381200.
10. A. Arinelli et al., “Ocular Sporotrichosis: 26 Cases with Bulbar Involvement in a Hyperendemic Area of Zoonotic Transmission,” Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 764–771, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1624779.
11. U. Reinprayoon, M. Jermjutitham, S. Tirakunwichcha, W. Banlunara, W. Tulvatana, and A. Chindamporn, “Conjunctival sporotrichosis from cat to human: Case report,” Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., vol. 20, p. 100898, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100898.
12. C. R. Ribeiro et al., “Ocular Sporotrichosis,” Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., vol. 19, p. 100865, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100865.
13. C. A. Kauffman, B. Bustamante, S. W. Chapman, and P. G. Pappas, “Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Sporotrichosis: 2007 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 1255–1265, Nov. 2007, doi: 10.1086/522765.
14. D. E. Hampton, A. Adesina, and J. Chodosh, “Conjunctival sporotrichosis in the absence of antecedent trauma,” Cornea, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 831–833, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1097/00003226-200211000-00021.
15. M. C. Ramírez Soto, “Sporotrichosis in the Ocular Adnexa: 21 Cases in an Endemic Area in Peru and Review of the Literature,” Am. J. Ophthalmol., vol. 162, pp. 173-179.e3, Feb. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.11.015.
16. T. A. Ferreira, C. T. Sodré, J. M. Costa, C. R. P. Setta, and M. Ramos-e-Silva, “Primary conjunctival sporotrichosis: An atypical presentation of the disease,” JAAD Case Rep., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 497–499, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.01.022.
17. J. L. L. Ling, K. L. Koh, E. Tai, Z. Sakinah, Y. Nor Sharina, and A. Hussein, “A Case of Acute Granulomatous Conjunctivitis Caused by Cat-transmitted Sporothrix schenckii,” Cureus, vol. 10, no. 10, p. e3428, doi: 10.7759/cureus.3428.
18. L. de O. Furtado, A. L. Biancardi, L. M. de S. Cravo, R. P. P. Anjo, and H. V. de Moraes, “Ocular sporotrichosis: atypical manifestations,” Rev. Bras. Oftalmol., vol. 78, pp. 59–61, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.5935/0034-7280.20190014.
19. A. R. Gameiro Filho, C. T. Estacia, R. R. Gameiro, L. de Mattos Fonseca Vieira, and D. Socci da Costa, “Ocular and cutaneous sporotrichosis,” Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep., vol. 20, p. 100885, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100885.
20. “Ocular sporotrichosis from a tertiary referral center in Malaysia and review of literature in Southeast Asia,” 2001, Accessed: Sep. 30, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.e-tjo.org/preprintarticle.asp?id=312511
21. H. Y. Lee, N. Ramli, G. Govindasamy, J. H. Tham, and S. Y. Goh, “Primary ocular sporotrichosis with granulomatous conjunctivitis,” Eye Rep., vol. 7, no. 1, Art. no. 1, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.16964/er.v7i1.106.
22. L. Theng, R. Abdul Rahman, I. Kwok, and S. Ismail, “Unilateral granulomatous conjunctivitis in a pregnant retroviral positive woman on HAART,” Bangladesh J. Med. Sci., vol. 20, pp. 453–455, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3329/bjms.v20i2.51564.
23. J. F. Ramírez-Oliveros et al., “Ocular adnexal sporotrichosis: A case series,” JAAD Case Rep., vol. 13, pp. 52–56, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.04.019.
24. A. O. Liborio Neto, T. Rubim Caetano, N. H. Pestana Gervasio, and R. Camargo Carneiro, “Conjunctival and bulbar sporotrichosis as Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome acquired by blood inoculation,” GMS Ophthalmol. Cases, vol. 11, p. Doc02, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3205/oc000175.
25. L. R. Lemes, J. V. Veasey, S. S. Mayor, and C. C. Proença, “Ocular involvement in sporotrichosis: report of two cases in children,” An. Bras. Dermatol., vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 349–351, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.08.015.