FAMILY FUNCTIONING AND ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION CHEMISTRY
Nasriah F. & Mohd Jamil Y.
abstract
A 14-year-old girl student presented with a depressive mood that led to aggression. She is diagnosed with major depressive disorder with multiple histories of suicidal attempts resulting from family factors, life events and environmental factors. She is predisposed to her parents’ divorce, leading to a weak parent-child relationship. This condition is precipitated by some physical and emotional abuse by her mother as well as attention deficit that causes an acute stress response, which manifests as feelings of persistent sadness and worry. It is perpetuated by the lack of social support and stigmata of mental illness towards her. The patient is treated with antidepressants for mood regulation and supportive psychotherapy. Additionally, psychosocial therapy such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) could be used along with pharmacotherapy to optimize the effectiveness of major depression disorder for this patient. Psychosocial support is provided to her by the paediatrician, the Social Welfare Malaysia, the One-Stop Crisis Centre, and the police.
references
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17. Leslie, L. A. (1988). Cognitive-behavioral and systems models of family therapy: How compatible are they? In N. Epstein, S. E. Schlesinger, & W. Dryden (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapy with families (pp. 49–83). New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers.
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2. Ang, Chun Ee & Arshat, Zarinah. (2019). Parent-Child Relationship and Depression among Adolescents in Selangor, Malaysia. 6. 61-65.
3. Weissman MM, Jensen P. What research suggests for depressed women with children. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002;63:641–647.
4. World Health Organization. (2021, 17 November). Mental health of adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.who.int//news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAyKurBhD5ARIsALamXaEoAaqHepdVnPpmivvoRZDkyCf1B1Z4De2UPf_q2xT5djiMaZb2iQwaAl7ZEALw_wcB
5. Cheng, K., You, Y., Ye, B., and Chen, Z. (2022). The relationship between family function and middle school students’ suicide attitude. Psychol. Dev. Educ. 38, 272–278. doi: 10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2022.02.14
6. Keitner, G. I., Ryan, C. E., Miller, I. W., Kohn, R., Bishop, D. S., and Epstein, N. B. (1995). Role of the family in recovery and major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 1002–1008. doi: 10.1176/ajp.152.7.1002
7. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. Ann. Child Dev. 6, 187–249. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_4406.
8. Jona, C. M., Labuschagne, I., Mercieca, E. C., Fisher, F., Gluyas, C., Stout, J. C., et al. (2017). Families affected by huntington’s disease report difficulties in communication, emotional involvement, and problem solving. J. Huntington's dis. 6, 169–177. doi: 10.3233/JHD-170250
9. Ther. 22, 144–167. doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.00144 Olson, D. H., Waldvogel, L., and Schlieff, M. (2019). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: An update. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 11, 199–211. doi: 10.1111/jftr.12331
10. Beavers, R., and Hampson, R. B. (2000). The Beavers systems model of family functioning. J. Fam. Ther. 22, 128–143. doi: 10.1111/1467-6427.00143
11. Huang, X., Hu, N., Yao, Z., & Peng, B. (2022). Family functioning and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and peer relationships. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 962147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.962147
12. Sireli, O., and Soykan, A. A. (2016). Examination of relation between parental acceptance-rejection and family functioning in adolescents with depression/ Depresyonu olan ergenlerin anne-baba kabul-red algilari ve aile islevleri acisindan incelenmesi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 17, 403–411. doi: 10.5455/apd.179441
13. Kashani, J. H., Allan, W. D., Dahlmeier, J. M., Rezvani, M., and Reid, J. C. (1995). An examination of family functioning utilizing the circumplex model in psychiatrically hospitalized children with depression. J. Affect. Disord. 35, 65–73. doi: 10.1016/0165-0327(95)00042-L
14. Gladstone, G. L., Parker, G. B., Mitchell, P. B., Wilhelm, K. A., and Malhi, G. S. (2005). Relationship between self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition and lifetime anxiety disorders in a clinical sample. Depress. Anxiety 22, 103–113. doi: 10.1002/da.20082
15. Guerrero-Muñoz, D., Salazar, D., Constain, V., Perez, A., Pineda-Cañar, C. A., and García-Perdomo, H. A. (2021). Association between family functionality and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J. Family Med. 42, 172–180. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.19.0166
16. Mufson L, Nomura Y, Warner V. The relationship between parental diagnosis, offspring temperament, and offspring psychopathology: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002;71:61–69.
17. Leslie, L. A. (1988). Cognitive-behavioral and systems models of family therapy: How compatible are they? In N. Epstein, S. E. Schlesinger, & W. Dryden (Eds.), Cognitive-behavioral therapy with families (pp. 49–83). New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers.
18. Cotrell D, Boston P. Practitioner review: The effectiveness of systemic family therapy for children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002;43:573–586.
19. Diamond G, Siqueland L, Diamond GM. Attachment-based family therapy for depressed adolescents: Programmatic treatment development. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2003;6:107–127.